Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 83-90 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 85 higher survival rate and more centralized management. Stereoscopic planting arranges crop growth by stacking up and down, which can expand the cultivation area on limited land, especially suitable for cities and land tension areas. This method can not only save space, but also improve the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer, help to improve the yield per unit area and increase the planting efficiency (Koukounaras, 2020). Figure 1 Challenges faced by traditional cultivation models of Leonurus japonicus (Adopted from Ahmed et al., 2024) 3.3 Effects on yield and quality Off-season cultivation extends the growing period and often allows multiple harvests per year. With controlled conditions, plants grow more evenly and absorb nutrients more efficiently. This supports the accumulation of active compounds and leads to more consistent quality. Crops grown in these environments tend to have higher nutritional content, stronger medicinal properties, or better visual appearance. In addition, off-season techniques make it possible to grow climate-sensitive plants in regions where they normally wouldn’t thrive, expanding crop variety and increasing market options (Duangpakdee and Sukpancharoen, 2024). 4 Optimization of Efficient Off-Season Cultivation Techniques 4.1 Substrate selection and fertilizer ratio Choosing the right substrate and fertilizer combination is key to improving root development and balanced growth of Leonurus japonicus under off-season conditions. A mixture of peat, vermiculite, and perlite enhances water retention and aeration, supporting strong root systems and better seedling survival (Ahmed et al., 2024). Adding organic materials such as biochar or compost can further improve soil structure and boost microbial activity. A nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (N:P:K) ratio of 2:1:1 has been shown to promote growth and increase leonurine content. Using controlled-release fertilizers helps maintain a steady nutrient supply, reduces the need for frequent applications, improves nutrient use efficiency, and minimizes environmental impact (Zhang et al., 2018). 4.2 Temperature and light regulation The suitable growth temperature of Leonurus japonicus is 20 ℃ to 28 ℃. High temperature is conducive to rapid growth, while appropriate low temperature stimulation is conducive to the synthesis of active ingredients, especially the accumulation of leonurine and flavonoids (Wang et al., 2022b). Light has obvious effects on Photosynthesis and morphological regulation of plants. Red light can accelerate plant growth and promote biomass accumulation; Blue light is beneficial to leaf expansion and activation of secondary metabolic pathways. In the actual planting, the application of red and blue LED lights can effectively improve the photosynthetic efficiency. If the light duration and intensity are dynamically adjusted according to the growth
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