Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 73-82 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 80 japonicus industry. Disease resistant varieties meet the market demand for high-quality medicinal products by ensuring stable production and maintaining high levels of active ingredients (such as leonurine and flavonoids). This reliability in yield and quality has improved the market value of Leonurus japonicus and its position in the domestic and foreign markets (Cho et al., 2013). By combining disease resistant germplasm with optimized cultivation modes (such as intercropping and greenhouse control system), regionalization and large-scale high-efficiency Off-season Cultivation technology further promoted the development of the industry. This scale can ensure that even small farmers can adopt these technologies, so as to increase production capacity and promote regional economic development. Therefore, the adoption of disease resistant germplasm provides strategic advantages for the Leonurus japonicus industry, supporting its sustainable development and enhancing its global competitiveness (Sun et al., 2022). 8 Challenges and Future Directions 8.1 Technical bottlenecks in disease resistance germplasm screening There are significant technical bottlenecks in the selection of disease resistant germplasm of Leonurus japonicus, especially the difference between the disease inducing environment and the natural environment under experimental conditions. Artificial inoculation and control experiments usually can not fully reproduce the complexity of the natural environment, which leads to inconsistent evaluation results of germplasm resistance in field application. For example, different pathogen populations, climatic conditions and interactions with soil microbial communities are difficult to reproduce in control experiments, which limits the accuracy of resistance assessment (Sun et al., 2022). Another bottleneck is the limitation of molecular marker techniques (such as SSR and SNP markers) in capturing the complexity of complex resistance traits. Although molecular markers perform well in identifying specific loci associated with single resistance traits, they are usually difficult to cover the polygenic characteristics associated with multiple disease resistance. This limitation hinders the development of Germplasm with broad-spectrum resistance, which is essential for sustainable production in off-season cultivation (Liang et al., 2018). 8.2 Long term utilization of disease resistant germplasm The long-term stability of disease resistant germplasm is a key challenge, mainly due to the variation and adaptability of pathogens. Pathogens such as Podosphaera xanthii, which causes powdery mildew, and Botrytis cinerea, which causes Botrytis cinerea, have high genetic variability and can overcome the disease resistance mechanism of plants over time. Resistant germplasms will exert selection pressure when continuously exposed to these pathogens, thus accelerating the evolution of toxic pathogen strains. This phenomenon is called resistance breakdown, which seriously threatens the durability of resistant germplasm (moparthi et al., 2017). The long-term use of resistant germplasm without appropriate rotation or diversification strategies will increase the vulnerability associated with monoculture. This will not only reduce the effect of disease resistance, but also aggravate the problem of soil borne diseases, highlighting the necessity of combining integrated management practices to maintain the effectiveness of disease resistant germplasm (CHO et al., 2013). 8.3 Future research directions Future research should focus on the use of comprehensive genomics techniques (such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabonomics) to explore the molecular mechanism of disease resistance of Leonurus japonicus. These methods can comprehensively reveal the regulatory networks and pathways related to resistance traits. Transcriptomic analysis under natural disease conditions can identify differentially expressed genes, and proteomic research can reveal the key post-translational modifications in resistance. By integrating these data sets through systems biology methods, new resistance genes and pathways can be found, thus promoting the development of more resistant germplasm (Sun et al., 2022). In order to achieve variety innovation and large-scale promotion, the development of advanced molecular breeding system is very important for Disease Resistance Germplasm. Crispr/cas9 gene editing and other
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