Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 73-82 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 78 et al., 2010). In a greenhouse study, the powdery mildew-resistant line “HJ-23” showed strong performance under high humidity. Compared to susceptible varieties, its disease incidence was only 10%, with a lower disease severity index (DSI). This was due to its innate resistance and compatibility with biocontrol methods. Improved ventilation and regular applications of Bacillus subtilis-based biopesticides further enhanced its resistance, resulting in stable growth and high biomass (Sun et al., 2022). 5.3 Effects on yield and quality The resistant varieties were superior to susceptible varieties in yield, biomass and active ingredient content. The results of field trials showed that the biomass of resistant germplasm increased by 25% compared with non resistant varieties due to the reduction of disease-related losses. The content of leonurine and flavonoids in resistant germplasms was higher, which reflected the direct effect of pathogen pressure reduction on the synthesis of secondary metabolites (Cho et al., 2013). In a case study evaluating yield, “HJ-23” produced 30% more during off-season cultivation than the susceptible control. Notably, its leonurine content remained stable across different environments, while susceptible varieties showed a 15%~20% drop under similar conditions. These findings highlight the potential of disease-resistant germplasm to maintain high yield and medicinal quality in challenging off-season conditions (Sun et al., 2022). 6 Optimization of Off Season Cultivation Techniques of Leonurus japonicus 6.1 Optimization of cultivation mode Intercropping and rotation have been proved to be effective Off-season Cultivation Strategies in inhibiting pathogen accumulation and reducing disease occurrence. The life cycle of pathogens such as Podosphaera xanthii and Botrytis cinerea can be broken by intercropping motherwort with non host crops such as beans or grains. The use of disease resistant or non host crop rotation can effectively reduce the soil borne pathogen pool and reduce the risk of root rot outbreak. These cultivation patterns can also improve soil health and nutrient supply, thus indirectly enhancing the disease resistance of plants (Sun et al., 2022). The adaptability analysis of different germplasm resources under these optimized cultivation modes is very important to ensure yield and disease resistance. Field trials showed that resistant germplasm such as "HJ-23" was stable in the intercropping system. Compared with susceptible varieties, its yield was high and disease index was low. This shows that the combination of agronomic measures and disease resistant germplasm is of great significance for achieving efficient Off-season Cultivation (Gu et al., 2010). 6.2 Relationship between water and fertilizer management and disease control Precise water and fertilizer management plays a key role in controlling disease and improving the performance of disease resistant germplasm. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer may promote the vegetative growth of plants and increase their sensitivity to fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea; Precise nitrogen management can enhance plant defense ability and reduce disease incidence (Cui et al., 2020; Gu et al., 2020; Lei et al., 2023). Balanced application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can also improve root health and plant activity, thereby enhancing plant resistance to soil borne pathogens (Liang et al., 2018). A study on the level of nitrogen fertilizer for Botrytis cinerearesistant germplasms found that reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer by 20% and increasing potassium fertilizer can improve disease resistance and maintain high biomass yield. The disease incidence of disease resistant germplasm treated under this fertilization scheme was reduced by 35%, indicating that precise nutrient management plays an important role in disease prevention and control in off-season cultivation (Moparthi et al., 2017). 6.3 Greenhouse environment control technology The regulation of temperature, humidity and light in greenhouse is very important for optimizing the performance of disease resistant germplasm and reducing disease occurrence (Koukounaras, 2020). The development of fungal pathogens such as Cercospora spp. and Podosphaera xanthii can be significantly inhibited by maintaining the
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