Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 37-44 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 38 are alkaloids that have been most extensively studied and are highly regarded for their significant pharmacological effects. Flavonoids, such as rutin and some flavonoid derivatives, can combat free radicals in the body. Phenolic compounds, such as rosmarinic acid, have certain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities (Shang et al., 2014). The essential oil extracted fromLeonurus japonicus is primarily composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties (Xiong et al., 2013). Figure 1 Activities and proportions of six types of compounds isolated fromL. japonicus (Adopted from Miao et al., 2019) The amount of these components will be affected by external conditions. When the soil is neutral or slightly alkaline, leonurine is formed (Zhang et al., 2022). The intensity of sunlight will also change the accumulation of flavonoids and phenolic acids, and the light conditions of artificial planting must be well controlled (Mertens et al., 2016; Zhou and Memelink, 2016). 2.2 Pharmacological effects of active ingredients Compounds in Leonurus japonicus have been shown to have multiple medicinal properties. The most important is leonurine, which can induce uterine contractions and is used to regulate menstrual irregularities and postpartum recovery (Liu et al., 2018). It also improves endothelial function, reduces oxidative damage, and has a protective effect on the heart (Shang et al., 2014). Flavones and phenolic compounds can neutralize free radicals and reduce the production of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and certain interleukins (Miao et al., 2019). The essential oil also has significant antibacterial properties, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, and is used to treat some infections (Xiong et al., 2013). 2.3 Clinical uses of active ingredients These ingredients have been widely used in practical medication. In traditional Chinese medicine, leonurine and carnosine are often used to treat gynecological problems such as dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea. They can promote uterine blood flow, regulate contractions, and also help with postpartum repair (Shang et al., 2014). Some modern drugs are also developing and utilizing these alkaline components to dilate blood vessels and relieve pressure on the cardiovascular system (Miao et al., 2019; Li et al., 2022). Flavones and essential oil extracts are being used in cosmetics and dermatological applications. Because they can slow oxidation and reduce skin inflammation, these extracts are now included in some skincare products. The antibacterial properties of essential oils are also used to treat acne and other skin infections (Xiong et al., 2013; Du et al., 2020).
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