Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 216-226 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 221 been shown to improve soybean physiological responses and yield under water deficit conditions. Higher levels of potassium fertilizer significantly increased seed yield and improved plant water status, demonstrating the importance of soil type in determining the effectiveness of fertilization under varying irrigation regimes (El-Mageed et al., 2017). In Vertisols, the combined use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure improved soil physical properties, root growth, and water-use efficiency, leading to higher soybean yields (Hati et al., 2006). Furthermore, studies in tropical cropping systems have highlighted that soil calcium enrichment through liming and gypsum application can enhance root growth and nitrogen-use efficiency, thereby increasing soybean yield (Souza et al., 2023). Figure 3 Effects and response surface of interaction among N, P, and K fertilizers on the grain yield (A-C) and biomass per plant (D-F) of soybean (Adopted from Li et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) effects and response surface of N fertilizers and P fertilizer on grain yield (fixed factor = 0); (B) effects of N fertilizers and K fertilizer on grain yield (fixed factor = 0); (C) effects of P fertilizers and K fertilizer on grain yield (fixed factor = 0); (D) effects of N fertilizers and P fertilizer on biomass per plant (fixed factor = 0); (E) effects of N fertilizers and K fertilizer on biomass per plant (fixed factor = 0); (F) effects of P fertilizers and K fertilizer on biomass per plant (fixed factor = 0) (Adopted from Li et al., 2022) 5.3 Optimization strategies for different soil types Based on the literature, several optimization strategies can be recommended for different soil types to enhance soybean yield through effective irrigation and fertilization practices: Arid Regions: In arid regions, drip irrigation combined with optimized fertilization (particularly nitrogen) can significantly boost soybean yield. The recommended fertilization combination includes approximately 411-418 kg Nha-1, 154-251 kg P2O5 ha-1, and 118-145 kg K2Oha-1 (Li et al., 2022). Mediterranean Soils: For Mediterranean-type soils with high bicarbonate and pH, a combination of nitrogen and iron fertilization is beneficial. The optimal rates are 80 kg N ha-1 and 400 g Fe ha-1, applied in split doses during the vegetative stages (Çalişkan et al., 2008). Calcareous Soils: In calcareous soils, higher levels of potassium fertilizer (up to 150 kg K2O ha-1) are recommended to improve plant water status and yield under water stress conditions (El-Mageed et al., 2017).
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