Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 216-226 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 220 2008). In central India, the combined use of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure in Vertisols improved soil physical properties, water-use efficiency, and soybean yield (Hati et al., 2006). These studies underscore the importance of tailored irrigation and fertilization practices based on specific soil types to optimize soybean growth andyield. Figure 2 Three experiment sites (yellow pin) of soybean at third planting session (Adopted from Suriadi et al., 2021) Table 1 Influence of irrigation frequencies on agronomic performance of soybean at coarse sandy soil type (Selaparang site) (Adopted from Suriadi et al., 2021) Irrigation treatments Plant height (cm) Biomass (t ha-1) 100 seed weight Yield (t ha-1) Ⅰ 54.52a 1.72a 9.8a 0.55a Ⅱ 67.15b 5.99b 13.36b 1.85b Ⅲ 69.07bc 7.69c 15.04c 2.23c Ⅳ 72.17c 8.744c 15.66c 2.68d 5 Interactions between Irrigation, Fertilization, and Soil Types 5.1 Synergistic effects of irrigation and fertilization on soybean yield Several studies have demonstrated the synergistic effects of irrigation and fertilization on soybean yield. For instance, a study conducted in the arid regions of Northwest China found that optimized fertilization under a drip irrigation system significantly enhanced soybean yield. The study revealed that nitrogen (N) fertilizer had a more pronounced effect on grain yield compared to phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers, with the optimal combination of N, P, and K fertilizers resulting in theoretical grain yields exceeding 7.21 tons per hectare (Li et al., 2022) (Figure 3). Similarly, research in Mediterranean-type soils showed that the combined application of nitrogen and iron fertilizers improved soybean growth and yield, with the highest seed yield achieved at 80 kg N ha-1 and 400 g Fe ha-1 (Çalişkan et al., 2008). Additionally, long-term studies have indicated that the co-application of rhizobium inoculation and phosphorus-potassium fertilization can significantly increase soybean yield and alter soil bacterial community composition, promoting sustainable agricultural practices (Wei et al., 2023). 5.2 Influence of soil type on the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilization Soil properties play a crucial role in modulating the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilization on crop productivity. For example, in calcareous soils with high calcium carbonate content, potassium fertilization has
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