Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 151-162 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 154 including endosphere (inside root), rhizoplane (root surface) and rhizosphere (soil surrounding the root surface), play essential roles in ecosystem functioning and plant health (Ding et al., 2019). 4.2 Factors affecting root growth in dryland conditions Root growth in dryland conditions is influenced by several factors, including soil moisture, nutrient availability, and microbial interactions. Water stress and limited phosphorus availability can significantly alter root architecture, leading to changes in root mass, nodal root number, and lateral root types (Bauw et al., 2020). The PGPR utilize diverse mechanisms to enhance plant growth and development. These mechanisms include the production of phytohormones, solubilization of nutrients, biological nitrogen fixation, and protection of plants under conditions of biotic and abiotic stress (Hakim et al., 2021; Hussain et al., 2022; Grover et al., 2021) (Figure 1). Additionally, the rhizosphere effect, which is the influence of root exudates on microbial communities, plays a critical role in shaping the bacterial populations that support root growth under dryland conditions (Li et al., 2019). 4.3 Measuring and analyzing root growth Measuring and analyzing root growth involves various techniques, including root imaging, soil sampling, and microbial community analysis. Advanced tools like 3D root system reconstruction models can predict the function of specific roots in terms of nutrient and water uptake under different environmental conditions (Bauw et al., 2020). Additionally, the use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing helps in understanding the diversity and activity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere, which are crucial for root health and growth (Li et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2019). These methods provide insights into how root traits interact with soil and microbial factors, thereby influencing overall plant performance. By integrating these strategies, it is possible to optimize dryland farming models to enhance root growth and rhizosphere microbial functions in hybrid rice, ultimately leading to improved crop yields and sustainability. Figure 1 Rice-PGPR interaction and plant growth promoting attributes (Adopted fromHussain et al., 2022)
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