Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 151-162 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 151 Feature Review Open Access Strategies to Optimize Dryland Farming Models for Enhancing Root Growth and Rhizosphere Microbial Functions in Hybrid Rice Mengmeng Yin 2,4, Hui Zhang1,3, QianZhu1,2,3, JuanLi 1,2,3, Xiaoli Zhou2,4, Xianyu Wang1,3, Dongsun Lee 1,2,3, Lijuan Chen1,2,3 1 Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China 2 The Key Laboratory for Crop Production and Smart Agriculture of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China 3 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China 4 College of Agricultural Science, Xichang University, Liangshan, 615013, Sichuan, China Corresponding email: chenlijuan@hotmail.com Molecular Soil Biology, 2024, Vol.15, No.4 doi: 10.5376/msb.2024.15.0016 Received: 11 May, 2024 Accepted: 19 Jun., 2024 Published: 08 Jul., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Yin et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Yin M.M., Zhang H., Zhu Q., Li J., Zhou X.L., Wang X.Y., Lee D.S., and Chen L.J., 2024, Strategies to optimize dryland farming models for enhancing root growth and rhizosphere microbial functions in hybrid rice, Molecular Soil Biology, 15(4): 151-162 (doi: 10.5376/msb.2024.15.0016) Abstract This feature review revealed several key findings. First, the diversity and functionality of rhizosphere microbial communities were significantly influenced by the rice genotype and soil type. Enhanced root traits, such as increased root biomass and root exudates, were found to promote beneficial microbial populations, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria and methanotrophs, which in turn improved plant growth and reduced methane emissions. The sequential inoculation of beneficial microbes, such as Azotobacter vinelandii and Serendipita indica, further augmented rice growth by enhancing root-shoot biomass and chlorophyll content. Additionally, the study demonstrated that hybrid rice cultivars could recruit specific rhizosphere microbiomes that facilitated better nutrient mineralization and reduced nutrient losses, thereby improving yield. This review underscore the importance of optimizing root traits and rhizosphere microbial functions to enhance the productivity and sustainability of hybrid rice in dryland farming systems. By leveraging the synergistic interactions between roots and rhizosphere microbes, it is possible to develop more resilient and efficient farming models that can contribute to global food security and environmental sustainability. Keywords Dryland farming; Hybrid rice; Root growth; Rhizosphere microbial functions; Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; Methanotrophs; Crop productivity; Sustainable agriculture 1 Introduction Dryland farming, a method of cultivating crops in regions with rainfed or limited water availability, is crucial for ensuring food security in arid and semi-arid regions. This agricultural practice relies on efficient water use and soil management techniques to maximize crop yield under water-scarce conditions. The importance of dryland farming is underscored by its potential to sustain agricultural productivity in the face of climate change, which is expected to exacerbate water scarcity issues globally (Bhattacharyya et al., 2021). In particular, the cultivation of hybrid rice and upland rice in dryland conditions presents unique challenges and opportunities for enhancing root growth and rhizosphere microbial functions, which are vital for nutrient uptake and overall plant health (Zhang et al., 2019; Bauw et al., 2020). Rice cultivation in dryland environments faces several challenges, primarily due to the crop's high water requirements and sensitivity to water stress. One of the major issues is the inhibition of plant growth caused by the production of stress ethylene under decreased soil water availability (Belimov et al., 2009). Additionally, the interaction between water and phosphorus (P) availability is critical, as both are often limited in dryland conditions. Effective root system architecture and the presence of beneficial rhizosphere microbial communities are essential for optimizing water and nutrient uptake (Zhang et al., 2019; Bauw et al., 2020). Furthermore, the variability in microbial community composition and function under different water regimes adds another layer of complexity to managing dryland rice cultivation (Lu et al., 2018; Bhattacharyya et al., 2021). This review aims to explore strategies to optimize dryland farming models specifically for enhancing root growth and rhizosphere microbial functions in hybrid rice, examine the role of rhizosphere bacteria, such as those containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, in mitigating the negative effects of water
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