Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 151-162 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 157 7 Optimizing Dryland Farming Models 7.1 Soil moisture management 7.1.1 Mulching techniques Mulching is a critical technique in dryland farming to conserve soil moisture, reduce soil erosion, and improve soil health. The application of rice straw as mulch has been shown to influence the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere, enhancing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Acidobacteria, which can improve soil health and plant growth (Otero-Jiménez et al., 2021). Additionally, mulching with organic materials can increase soil organic carbon content, which is essential for maintaining soil moisture and fertility (Tang et al., 2022). 7.1.2 Irrigation scheduling and methods Optimizing irrigation scheduling and methods is vital for efficient water use in dryland farming. The frequently alternate wetting and drying (FAWD) irrigation regime has been found to maintain grain yield while enhancing the abundance of beneficial bacteria with acid phosphatase activity, which aids in phosphorus availability in the rhizosphere (Zhang et al., 2019). This method not only conserves water but also improves nutrient uptake and soil microbial functions. 7.2 Soil health improvement 7.2.1 Organic amendments and compost The addition of organic amendments such as compost and rice straw significantly improves soil health by increasing soil organic matter, nutrient content, and microbial activity (Ayangbenro et al., 2022; Tang et al., 2022). Organic amendments enhance soil structure, water holding capacity, and stimulate the microbial community, leading to improved plant growth and resilience against stress (Ayangbenro et al., 2022; Tang et al., 2022). 7.2.2 Cover crops and crop rotation Implementing cover crops and crop rotation is an effective strategy to improve soil health and reduce soil degradation. These practices enhance soil organic matter, improve soil structure, and increase microbial diversity and activity in the rhizosphere (Ayangbenro et al., 2022). Cover crops can also suppress weeds, reduce soil erosion, and enhance nutrient cycling, contributing to sustainable dryland farming systems. 7.3 Crop management practices 7.3.1 Plant density and spaCING Optimizing plant density and spacing is crucial for maximizing root growth and resource use efficiency. Proper spacing ensures adequate light, water, and nutrient availability for each plant, reducing competition and promoting healthier root systems. This practice can lead to improved crop yields and better soil health (Tang et al., 2022). 7.3.2 Timing of planting and harvesting The timing of planting and harvesting plays a significant role in crop performance and soil health. Planting at the optimal time ensures that crops can utilize available soil moisture and nutrients effectively, while timely harvesting prevents soil degradation and allows for the implementation of cover crops or other soil health improvement practices (Tang et al., 2022). 7.4 Use of beneficial microbes 7.4.1 inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Inoculating crops with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can significantly enhance root growth and rhizosphere microbial functions. PGPR produce plant growth hormones, improve nutrient availability, and enhance plant stress tolerance, leading to better crop performance and soil health (Backer et al., 2018; Hakim et al., 2021; Hussain et al., 2022). These beneficial microbes can be an integral part of sustainable dryland farming models. 7.4.2 Mycorrhizal associations Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations with plant roots, improving nutrient and water uptake, and enhancing soil structure and health. These associations are particularly beneficial in dryland farming, where water
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