Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 99-108 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 101 3.2 Nutrient release and availability (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) The decomposition of leaf litter is a critical process for the release and availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). During decomposition, microorganisms, particularly fungi and bacteria, break down the organic matter, releasing these nutrients back into the soil (Figure 1). Studies have shown that the nutrient content and rate of decomposition of mixed litters are significantly different from those of single species, with mixed litters promoting higher microbial diversity and nutrient release (Liu et al., 2022). Additionally, the enrichment of ecosystems by nutrients like N and P has been found to have significant effects on fungal decomposers, which play a pivotal role in nutrient cycling (Jabiol et al., 2018). The addition of leaf litter has also been shown to increase soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, further enhancing nutrient availability (Zhang et al., 2022). Figure 1 The continuum of litter decomposition pathways, showing influence of soil and parent material characteristics on soil biota, litter quality, decomposition pathway, and SOM and humus forms. In natural forests, the dominant tree species reflect these site conditions. Planted trees can shift conditions to some extent (Adopted from Prescott et al., 2021) 3.3 Enhancement of soil structure and water retention Leaf litter decomposition not only contributes to soil fertility but also enhances soil structure and water retention. The organic matter from decomposed leaf litter improves soil aggregation, which in turn enhances soil porosity and water-holding capacity. This is particularly important in maintaining soil health and preventing erosion. The
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