Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 140-150 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 147 effects (Alford and Krupke, 2018). These case studies underscore the importance of a holistic approach to pest management that combines chemical, biological, and cultural methods to achieve sustainable and effective WCR control. Figure 3 Root damage measured on the node-injury scale depending on the beneficial organisms applied and the western corn root worm (WCR) infestation status (Adapted from Jaffuel et al., 2019) Image capton: (A) in 2015, (B) in 2016 and (C) in 2017. The dash line represents the economical threshold of root damage. PGPR: plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria, EPN: entomopathogenic nematodes, AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizial fungi, Mix: PGPR + EPN + AMF. Bars represent mean percentage ± SE. Means denoted by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05, Fisher’s least significant difference test) (Adapted from Jaffuel et al., 2019) Jaffuel et al. (2019) found that the application of beneficial organisms, such as plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), had varying effects on reducing root damage caused by Western Corn Rootworm (WCR) across different years. In
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