Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 129-139 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 137 Despite the significant advancements in understanding the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, further research is needed to optimize the use of Rhizobium strains in agriculture. Future studies should focus on identifying and developing more efficient and resilient Rhizobiumstrains that can thrive under diverse environmental conditions and enhance nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake. Additionally, research should explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the symbiotic relationship to improve the effectiveness of Rhizobiuminoculants. There is also a need for field trials and practical applications to validate the benefits of Rhizobium-based solutions in different agricultural settings. By investing in research and development, we can harness the full potential of Rhizobiumto promote sustainable agriculture and ensure food security. Acknowledgments Thanks to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abd-Alla M., Al-Amri S., and El-Enany A., 2023, Enhancing Rhizobium–legume symbiosis and reducing nitrogen fertilizer use are potential options for mitigating climate change, Agriculture, 13(11): 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112092 AbdElgawad H., Abuelsoud W., Madany M., Selim S., Zinta G., Mousa A., and Hozzein W., 2020, Actinomycetes enrich soil rhizosphere and improve seed quality as well as productivity of legumes by boosting nitrogen availability and metabolism. Biomolecules, 10(12): 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121675 Abdelkhalek A., El-gendi H., Al-Askar A., Maresca V., Moawad H., Elsharkawy M., Younes H., and Behiry S., 2022, Enhancing systemic resistance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to Bean yellow mosaic virus via soil application and foliar spray of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 933498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.933498 Allito B., Ewusi-Mensah N., and Logah V., 2020, Legume-rhizobium strain specificity enhances nutrition and nitrogen fixation in faba bean (Vicia faba L.), Agronomy, 10(6): 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060826 Andrews M., and Andrews M., 2016, Specificity in legume-rhizobia symbioses, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(4): 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040705 Castellano-Hinojosa A., Mora C., and Strauss S., 2022, Native rhizobia improve plant growth, Fix N2, and reduce greenhouse emissions of sunnhemp more than commercial rhizobia inoculants in florida citrus orchards, Plants, 11(22): 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223011 Chakraborty S., Valdés-López O., Stonoha-Arther C., and Ané J., 2022, Transcription factors controlling the rhizobium-legume symbiosis: integrating infection, organogenesis, and the abiotic environment, Plant & Cell Physiology, 63(10): 1326-1343. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcac063 Dall’Agnol R., Ribeiro R., Ormeño-Orrillo E., Rogel M., Delamuta J., Andrade D., Martínez-Romero E., and Hungria M., 2013, Rhizobium freirei sp. nov., a symbiont of Phaseolus vulgaris that is very effective at fixing nitrogen, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 63(Pt 11): 4167-4173. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.052928-0 Dwivedi S., Sahrawat K., Upadhyaya H., Mengoni A., Galardini M., Bazzicalupo M., Biondi E., Hungria M., Kaschuk G., Blair M., and Ortiz R., 2015, Advances in host plant and rhizobium genomics to enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation in grain legumes, Advances in Agronomy, 129: 1-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.AGRON.2014.09.001 Fustec J., Lesuffleur F., Mahieu S., and Cliquet J., 2011, Nitrogen rhizodeposition of legumes. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30: 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009003 Goyal R., Mattoo A., and Schmidt M., 2021, Rhizobial–host interactions and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume crops toward agriculture sustainability, Frontiers in Microbiology, 12: 669404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.669404 Jach M., Sajnaga E., and Ziaja M., 2022, Utilization of legume-nodule bacterial symbiosis in phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Biology, 11(5): 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050676 Jēkabsone A., Andersone-Ozola U., Karlsons A., Neiceniece L., Romanovs M., and Ievinsh G., 2022, Dependence on nitrogen availability and rhizobial symbiosis of different accessions of Trifolium fragiferum, a crop wild relative legume species, as related to physiological traits. Plants, 11(9): 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091141
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