Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 118-128 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 124 Trichogramma egg-cards as a biological control agent in the Greater Mekong Subregion led to a substantial reduction in pesticide use and slightly higher yields in rice and maize (Babendreier et al., 2019). The abundance of natural enemies in tropical Asian irrigated rice systems helps prevent significant pest problems, highlighting the importance of preserving these natural predators through IPM education and training. 7.3 Use of biopesticides and organic farming practices Biopesticides, derived from natural materials such as plants, bacteria, and certain minerals, offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides. They are often used in organic farming practices, which emphasize the use of natural inputs and processes. The integration of biopesticides into IPM strategies can enhance pest control while minimizing environmental and health risks. For instance, bio-based IPM practices in rice cultivation have been shown to be effective, environmentally benign, and economically viable (Fahad et al., 2021). The increased implementation of biological approaches, including biopesticides, is crucial for sustainable agriculture, as highlighted by the need for greater adoption and education on these methods (Baker et al., 2020). 7.4 Case study: successful implementation of sustainable practices in rice cultivation A notable case study of successful implementation of sustainable practices in rice cultivation is the IPM program in Indonesia. Since its introduction in 1989, the program has significantly reduced pesticide use by improving rice production processes and promoting efficient pesticide application. The success of this program is evidenced by the widespread adoption of IPM technology among farmers, leading to more sustainable and cost-effective rice cultivation (Mariyono, 2008). Another example is the FAO's inter-country program on rice IPM, which has contributed to promoting IPM practices across several Asian countries, resulting in reduced pesticide imports and stable rice yields. Sustainable alternatives to pesticides, such as IPM strategies, biological control methods, and the use of biopesticides, offer promising solutions for maintaining soil and water health in rice cultivation. Successful case studies demonstrate the potential of these practices to reduce pesticide use, enhance crop yields, and promote environmental sustainability. Continued research, education, and policy support are essential for the widespread adoption and success of these sustainable practices. 8 Policy and Regulation 8.1 Current regulations on pesticide usage in rice farming Current regulations on pesticide usage in rice farming vary significantly across different countries. In Thailand, for instance, the use of certain pesticides like glyphosate and chlorpyrifos is restricted due to their long-term health effects, although their application in rice cultivation still needs close monitoring. In Sri Lanka, despite the presence of regulations, overapplication of pesticides is common, with some being used at rates 1.2 to 11 times higher than recommended (Gamaralalage et al., 2021). In Italy, laws and directives exist to regulate and restrict pesticide use, but contamination still occurs due to the free circulation of water through irrigation canals (Onorati et al., 2022). In Iran, the use of pesticides in rice production is monitored, but the concentrations of pesticides like diazinon, carbaryl, and butachlor in water bodies still pose significant health risks. 8.2 International standards and guidelines International standards and guidelines for pesticide usage in agriculture are established by organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These guidelines aim to minimize the environmental and health impacts of pesticide use. For example, the European Union has set acceptable daily intake levels for various pesticides to protect human health (Jolodar et al., 2021). The Cornell University Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) calculator is used to assess the environmental risks associated with pesticide application, providing a standardized method to evaluate the impact of different pesticides. 8.3 Role of government and NGOs in promoting sustainable practices Governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in promoting sustainable agricultural practices. In Bangladesh, government extension workers and NGOs are involved in educating farmers about integrated pest management (IPM) practices to reduce pesticide use and minimize environmental hazards
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