Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 59-70 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 60 2017; Sahu et al., 2019). Understanding the mechanisms of microbial decomposition is vital for predicting the effects of global change on ecosystem functions and for formulating sustainable management and conservation policies (Delgado-Baquerizo et al., 2017). This study synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms and ecological significance of microbial decomposition in soil ecosystems. It explores the role of microbial diversity and composition in driving soil multifunctionality, the impact of soil structure on decomposition processes, and the potential of soil microorganisms in restoring degraded lands. By examining these aspects, the study provides insights into the critical role of microbial decomposition in maintaining soil health and supporting sustainable agriculture. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent research findings, this study highlights the importance of microbial communities in soil ecosystems and their potential applications in sustainable land management. 2 Microbial Decomposition: An Overview 2.1 Definition and stages of microbial decomposition Microbial decomposition refers to the process by which microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, break down organic matter into simpler substances. This process is crucial for nutrient cycling and soil health, as it transforms complex organic materials into forms that can be utilized by plants and other organisms. The stages of microbial decomposition typically include the initial breakdown of organic matter, the release of nutrients, and the formation of stable soil organic matter (SOM) (Cotrufo et al., 2013; Hicks et al., 2021). The initial stage involves the enzymatic breakdown of complex organic compounds, such as cellulose and lignin, into simpler molecules. This is followed by the microbial assimilation of these simpler molecules, during which microorganisms utilize the carbon and energy contained within the organic matter for growth and reproduction. The final stage involves the stabilization of the remaining organic matter, which contributes to the formation of SOM. This stabilized SOM plays a critical role in soil structure, water retention, and long-term carbon storage (Cotrufo et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2018). 2.2 Key microbial players involved in decomposition The primary microbial players in decomposition are bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Bacteria are highly versatile and can decompose a wide range of organic materials, particularly those that are easily degradable. They are known for their rapid growth rates and ability to quickly colonize new substrates. Bacterial decomposition is often associated with the fast turnover of easily available substrates, which supports rapid nutrient cycling (Murphy et al., 2007; Hicks et al., 2021). Fungi, on the other hand, are more efficient at breaking down complex organic compounds, such as lignin and cellulose, which are found in plant cell walls. Fungal decomposition leads to the slower turnover of more complex organic matter, contributing to the formation of stable SOM. Actinomycetes, a group of filamentous bacteria, also play a significant role in the decomposition of complex organic materials. They are particularly important in the later stages of decomposition, where they break down more recalcitrant compounds (Murphy et al., 2007; Brabcová et al., 2016; Hicks et al., 2021). 2.3 Factors influencing microbial decomposition Several factors influence microbial decomposition, including the type of organic matter and environmental conditions. The quality and composition of organic matter, such as its carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, significantly affect the rate and efficiency of decomposition. High-quality organic matter with a low C/N ratio is more readily decomposed by microorganisms, while low-quality organic matter with a high C/N ratio decomposes more slowly (Hicks et al., 2021). Environmental conditions, such as temperature, moisture, and soil structure, also play crucial roles in microbial decomposition. Optimal temperature and moisture levels enhance microbial activity and decomposition rates. Soil structure affects the physical protection of organic matter and the accessibility of substrates to microorganisms. For instance, soil compaction can limit microbial access to organic matter, while soil aggregation can protect organic matter from rapid decomposition (Bhanja et al., 2019; Crowther et al., 2019).
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