Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 1-7 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 4 5 Advances in the Study of Biotin in Abiotic Stresses in Plants Because plants grow solidly, they cannot move to escape from adversity, so abiotic stress (such as extreme temperature, salt stress, drought or light stress, etc.) will accompany the entire development process of plants, severely stressing their distribution, growth, quality and yield, and even survival. Plants can only adapt to the environment by changing their own morphology and structure as well as physiological and biochemical reactions, or by releasing chemicals to influence the growth and development of other plants in the neighbourhood, in order to change the microenvironment and make the environment more suitable for their own growth. Biotin is a cofactor in the first reaction step of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and also a rate-limiting step in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. Previously, biotin was also found to be involved in plant response to abiotic stresses. In 1996, Patton reported that the expression of the plant BIO2 was regulated by cellular biotin concentration (Patton et al., 1996). They also showed that BIO2 expression changes during the light/dark cycle and that this trend is reproducible, consistent with the regulation of light or circadian rhythms (Patton et al., 1996). In 2016, Shin Kamiyama found that different cultivation conditions have an effect on biotin content in green vegetables, especially in pea sprouts (Pisum sativum). The biotin content was reduced under low temperature or short light conditions. The expression of BIO2 gene also changed similarly to biotin content (Kamiyama et al., 2016). In 2020, Wang Yao found that the gene encoding biotin synthase, AtBIO2, was significantly up-regulated under carbonate stress, and AtBIO2 overexpression plants had significantly higher biotin content than wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and were more resistant to carbonate stress. This demonstrates that the exogenous addition of biotin can enhance the ability of Arabidopsis thaliana to resist carbonate stress (Wang et al., 2020). 6 Future Prospects Previous studies on plant biotin have mainly examined fatty acid biosynthesis and accumulation (Chen et al., 2009; Jang et al., 2015). Earlier studies on biotin biosynthesis genes were related to potential bioherbicides (Hwang et al., 2010; Hahn et al., 2015). Currently, relatively few studies have been conducted on biotin's ability to protect plants from specific abiotic stresses. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to further validate the relationship between biotin and plant resistance to abiotic stresses, and to explore the mechanism of biotin's action under specific abiotic stress conditions. In addition, the factors that regulate biotin synthesis in plants are unknown. Biotin synthesis requires energy inputs from ATP, SAM and other reducing equivalents (e.g. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). To date, the source of sulfhydryl coenzyme a, the precursor of biotin synthesis, remains unclear. Plants may utilize aminobutyric acid as a carbon source for biotin, but genes associated with aminobutyric acid coenzyme a synthase have not yet been identified in plants. In bacteria, the genes involved in biotin synthesis form a cluster of genes whose transcription is regulated by a biotin manipulator that is sensitive to both intracellular biotin concentration and the level of homologous proteins that require biotin (Chakravartty and Cronan, 2012). In Arabidopsis, genomic loci for genes involved in biotin synthesis are dispersed, although the bio1 and bio3 genes have a bifunctional locus and produce a fusion protein that catalyzes two sequential reactions in the biotin synthesis pathway (Muralla et al., 2008). However, the details of elucidating how genes involved in biotin synthesis are regulated in plants have not yet been reported, so in the future, we further explored the regulatory mechanisms of biotin synthesis and metabolism under abiotic stress conditions. Authors’ Contributions FDL drafted the manuscript and compiled the literatures. BYY was the director of the project and revised the manuscript. LSK supervised and critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team at the University (grant number: No. IRT17R99), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2572022DX11), and Heilongjiang Province Government Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant number: LBH-Q18008).
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