MSB_2024v15n1

Molecular Soil Biology 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 28-36 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 31 instance, the complete genome sequencing of nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Enterobacter roggenkampii has revealed numerous genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, stress tolerance, and plant growth promotion, providing a blueprint for developing genetically engineered strains with enhanced SNF capabilities (Guo et al., 2020). Additionally, synthetic biology tools have been employed to optimize nitrogen-fixing microbes for better colonization and nitrogen fixation in fertilized fields, demonstrating significant agronomic benefits (Wen et al., 2021). Figure 1 Fluorescence (GFP) micrographs of sugarcane plant colonized by GFP-tagged Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) leaf, stem, and the root of micropropagated plantlets of sugarcane variety GT11 (Adopted from Singh et al., 2020) Image caption: Confocal laser scanning microscopic images present bacterial in green and red dots of auto-fluorescence in everywhere of plant parts respectively. (A-C) Control sugarcane plant parts and (D-I) Sugarcane plant parts inoculated with GFP tagged bacterial strains at 500-530 nm. On the surface of roots, junction area, around the whole root, stem, and leaf. Bacterial cells are indicated with blue arrowheads in single or clustered of bacteria. D-F represent CY5, and G-I represents CA1 strain with bar 50 μm (Adopted from Singh et al., 2020) 4.2 Development of nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers The development of biofertilizers containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria is a crucial step towards reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Various diazotrophic bacteria, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Enterobacter species, have been identified and tested for their ability to fix nitrogen and promote sugarcane growth (Table 1) (Singh et al., 2020). These biofertilizers not only enhance nitrogen availability but also improve plant health by inducing defense-related gene expression and increasing the activity of enzymes involved in stress responses (Singh et al., 2021). For example, Pseudomonas strains have been shown to significantly increase nitrogen fixation and defense enzyme activities in sugarcane, leading to improved growth and reduced need for chemical fertilizers (Singh et al., 2023). 4.3 Integration of advanced microbiome technologies Advanced microbiome technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics, have revolutionized our understanding of the complex interactions between plants and their associated microbial communities. Studies

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