Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 227-237 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 229 affecting energy metabolism (Stincone et al., 2014; Morelli and Scholkmann, 2024; Qiao et al., 2025). New research suggests that a closed loop may form among PPP, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation outside mitochondria. The pentose sugars generated by PPP can return to glycolysis and participate in overall energy regulation. In addition, the alteration of PPP activity will affect the utilization mode of glucose, and thereby influence the generation efficiency of ATP. This situation is particularly evident during cellular stress or metabolic reprogramming (such as the Warburg effect in cancer cells) (Nagao et al., 2019). Figure 1 Scheme showing the interaction between glycolysis and PPP (Adopted from Alfarouk et al., 2020)
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