Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 216-226 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 223 even better. In terms of yield, if the conditions of the transesterification reaction are optimized, such as adjusting the alcohol-oil ratio, catalyst type and reaction temperature, the yield can reach 95%~99%, and it is suitable for different catalysts and process routes. In terms of the environment and economy, life cycle assessment shows that rapeseed oil biodiesel can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 56% to 71%. However, its economic viability is largely influenced by raw material prices and production scale. The utilization of by-products, such as glycerol and rapeseed cake, can enhance overall economic and environmental benefits and also contribute to the development of a circular bioeconomy. In regions such as Europe, rapeseed oil is the main raw material for biodiesel, accounting for over 80% of the market. It not only becomes an important support for achieving renewable energy goals and reducing emissions in transportation due to its high oil production rate and good fuel properties, but also drives agricultural income growth and rural economic development. In terms of policy, more attention should be paid to sustainable planting, land use optimization and by-product utilization to reduce competition in food and fuel. In terms of industrial promotion, costs can be reduced through large-scale and intensive production, while promoting technological innovation and high-value utilization of by-products, thereby enhancing economic efficiency and environmental friendliness. Future research can focus on low-carbon planting, green catalysts, non-grain raw materials and new types of biodiesel (such as green diesel and enzymatic processes), promoting the development of rapeseed oil biodiesel towards a more efficient, low-carbon and sustainable direction. Acknowledgments We would like to express our gratitude to the two anonymous peer researchers for their constructive suggestions on our manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abdulvahitoğlu A., and Kiliç M., 2021, A new approach for selecting the most suitable oilseed for biodiesel production; the integrated AHP-TOPSIS method, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(3): 101604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.10.002 Abelniece Z., Laipniece L., and Kampars V., 2020, Biodiesel production by interesterification of rapeseed oil with methyl formate in presence of potassium alkoxides, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 12: 2881-2889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00874-z Aldhaidhawi M., Chiriac R., and Badescu V., 2017, Ignition delay, combustion and emission characteristics of Diesel engine fueled with rapeseed biodiesel – A literature review, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 73: 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2017.01.129 Ali E., and Zhang K., 2023, CRISPR-mediated technology for seed oil improvement in rapeseed: challenges and future perspectives, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1086847. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1086847 Azcan N., and Danisman A., 2008, Microwave assisted transesterification of rapeseed oil, Fuel, 87: 1781-1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2007.12.004 Babadi A., Rahmati S., Fakhlaei R., Barati B., Wang S., Doherty W., and Ostrikov K., 2022, Emerging technologies for biodiesel production: Processes, challenges, and opportunities, Biomass and Bioenergy, 163: 106521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106521 Brock D., Koder A., Rabl H., Touraud D., and Kunz W., 2018, New completely renewable biofuels: formulations and engine tests on an unmodified up-to-date diesel engine, Green Chemistry, 20: 3308-3317. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC00606G Buyukkaya E., 2010, Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics, Fuel, 89: 3099-3105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2010.05.034 Di Vito Nolfi G., Gallucci K., Mucciante V., and Rossi L., 2025, Production of green diesel via the Ni/Al Mo hydrotalcite catalyzed deoxygenation of rapeseed oil, Molecules, 30(8): 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081699 Encinar J., Nogales S., and González J., 2020, Biodiesel and biolubricant production from different vegetable oils through transesterification, Engineering Reports, 2(12): e12190. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12190
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