Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 163-171 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 168 6.4 Performance outcomes After optimized pretreatment of rapeseed straw, the methane yield in anaerobic digestion can reach 132.9-365 Nm³/ ton of volatile solids, the ethanol yield can be as high as 12.2 g/L, and the biodiesel yield is approximately 689.4 kg/ hectare. The energy output efficiency (EROEI) is between 1.52 and 1.84, and the greenhouse gas reduction effect is significant, reducing 23.28 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent annually (Liu et al., 2018; Elsayed et al., 2022; Abbasi-Riyakhuni et al., 2025; Witaszek et al., 2025) (Figure 3). Figure 3 Graphical abstract of the research methodology for straw processing in biogas production (Adopted from Witaszek et al., 2025) 6.5 Economic viability In the Yangtze River Basin, bioenergy enterprises have a relatively solid foundation for development, and nearly 600 related enterprises can be located here. With abundant raw materials, stable energy output, coupled with policy subsidies and carbon reduction benefits, the overall economic performance of the project is quite good. Products such as biogas, ethanol and biodiesel can also replace some fossil energy and improve the economic benefits of rural areas (Felten et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2018). 6.6 Lessons learned (1) The costs of straw collection and logistics are high, and the supply chain needs to be optimized. (2) The high cellulose and high ash content characteristics of straw pose certain challenges to equipment and processes, and the pretreatment and fermentation technologies need to be continuously improved. (3) Multi-production and collaborative processing can enhance resource utilization and economic benefits. (4) Policy support and market mechanisms are very important for the long-term development of the project (Liu et al., 2018; Stolarski et al., 2024). 7 Future Perspectives 7.1 Technological innovations To make efficient use of rapeseed straw, continuous technological improvements are needed. In recent years, the bio-refining technology has developed rapidly, which can convert rapeseed straw into a variety of products such as ethanol, biogas, succinic acid and fungal protein. Hydrothermal pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment and
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