Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 163-171 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 167 fermentation, but they will make the process more complex and the cost higher (Tan et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2023; Abbasi-Riyakhuni et al., 2025). Fermentation with high solid content may also encounter problems such as moisture control, uneven mixing and inhibitor accumulation, thereby affecting the output of fuels such as ethanol (Tan et al., 2020). In anaerobic digestion and the refining of multi-process products, the stability of the process and the treatment of by-products are also technical difficulties that need to be solved (Luo et al., 2011; Elsayed et al., 2020; Abbasi-Riyakhuni et al., 2025). 5.2 Economic risks The economic feasibility of bioenergy from rapeseed straw is influenced by multiple factors. The high cost of pretreatment and enzymes is a major economic bottleneck for industrialization (Passoth and Sandgren, 2019; Wang et al., 2023). The collection, transportation and storage of straw all require a large amount of infrastructure, which is difficult for small-scale farmers or small enterprises to afford. Straw may also compete for resources with feed, building materials and other uses, pushing up raw material prices and affecting project profits. Market price fluctuations, unstable policy subsidies, and long payback period of investment will also increase investment risks (Forleo et al., 2018; Ren et al., 2019). 5.3 Policy and infrastructure gaps Insufficient policies and infrastructure are also the main obstacles to promoting bioenergy from rapeseed straw. At present, in many places, the ban on straw burning mainly relies on administrative orders, but there is a lack of long-term and effective economic incentives and supervision mechanisms. Therefore, the resource utilization rate of straw is not high (Ren et al., 2019; Del Valle et al., 2022). The regional facilities for straw collection, transportation, storage and processing are not yet complete. There is no unified planning and a lack of large-scale investment. It is difficult for farmers and local governments to complete them alone (Ren et al., 2019). The existing policies are rather fragmented in terms of fiscal subsidies, carbon trading, market access, etc., and lack a stable feedback mechanism, making it difficult to support the sustainable development of the industry (Ren et al., 2019; Del Valle et al., 2022). Therefore, to promote the long-term development of rapeseed straw bioenergy, it is necessary to improve the policy system, increase infrastructure construction, and optimize resource allocation. 6. Case Study: Bioenergy Production from Rapeseed Straw in [Selected Region] 6.1 Project background The Yangtze River Basin is an important major rapeseed production area in China. There are many winter fallows fields here, and the output of rapeseed straw is also very large. In order to develop renewable energy and reduce the pollution caused by straw burning, the local area has carried out a feasibility study on producing bioenergy from rapeseed straw. Using fallow land in winter to grow rapeseed and collect straw not only makes full use of the land, but also provides a stable source of raw materials for the bioenergy industry (Liu et al., 2018). 6.2 Feedstock supply chain The area of fallow land in the Yangtze River Basin is approximately 24.93 million hectares, with an annual rapeseed output of about 46.41 million tons. The straw resources are concentrated and abundant. The collection of straw mainly relies on mechanical harvesting and transportation, and is combined with farmers' cooperatives and bioenergy enterprises, forming a relatively complete supply chain system. Due to the obvious seasonality of straw, it is necessary to arrange storage, transportation and pretreatment reasonably in order to ensure year-round production (Liu et al., 2018; Stolarski et al., 2024). 6.3 Technology adopted The local area mainly adopts biochemical conversion technologies, including anaerobic digestion (biogas production), bioethanol fermentation and biodiesel production. Before conversion, straw needs to be mechanically crushed and pre-treated with thermochemical or dilute acid to enhance the availability of cellulose, and then undergo enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Some projects also attempted to use black soldier fly larvae to process straw and livestock manure together, and simultaneously produce biogas, protein and fat to achieve resource utilization of waste (Elsayed et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2020; 2022; Abbasi-Riyakhuni et al., 2025).
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