Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 163-171 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 165 rate of 30 °C/min, pyrolysis of rapeseed straw and stems can achieve the highest liquid yield, and bio-oil has the potential as fuel (Karaosmanoglu et al., 1999). Biochar has a high carbon content and good reactivity, and can be used as clean solid fuel (Karaosmanoglu et al., 2000). However, the high content of chlorine, sulfur and ash in straw will bring some problems in thermochemical utilization (Stolarski et al., 2024) (Figure 2). Figure 2 Thermophysical characteristics of the straw types under study, mean values of the three harvest years (Adopted from Stolarski et al., 2024) Note: (a) Moisture content; (b) ash content; (c) fixed carbon content; (d) volatile matter content; (e) higher heating value; (f) lower heating value; a, b, c, d, e, denote homogeneous groups for the straw type, separately for each attribute; error bars denote standard deviation (Adopted from Stolarski et al., 2024) 3.2 Biochemical conversion The main biochemical transformations include anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Rapeseed straw can produce biogas through anaerobic digestion, and the output of methane is affected by the size of raw material particles and the carbon-nitrogen ratio. Mechanical pretreatment can make the gas production efficiency higher (Witaszek et al., 2025). When producing bioethanol, pretreatment with dilute acid combined with enzymatic hydrolysis can yield very high glucose and ethanol (ethanol yield can reach 122~125 kg/Mg of straw), and the by-products can be further fermented to produce high-value chemicals such as succinic acid (Lopez-Linares et al., 2015; Kuglarz et al., 2018; Tan et al., 2020). By using the integrated biorefining process, ethanol, biogas and fungal protein can be produced simultaneously, greatly improving the energy recovery rate (Luo et al., 2011; Abbasi-Riyakhuni et al., 2025).
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