Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 163-171 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 164 2022; Malať ak et al., 2024). In some places, the figure would be between 2.8 and 4.5 tons per hectare (Malať ak et al., 2024). So much straw provides sufficient raw materials for the production of biofuels, biogas and biochar, etc. (Karaosmanoglu et al., 1999; Elsayed et al., 2022; Malať ak et al., 2024; Suchocki, 2024) (Figure 1). Figure 1 Brassica napus (Adopted from Suchocki, 2024) 2.2 Composition and properties Rapeseed straw is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, with an approximate ratio of 1:2:0.8 (lignin: cellulose: hemicellulose), and also contains some ash (Hou et al., 2023). It has a high content of cellulose and hemicellulose, and is very suitable for saccharification and biofuel conversion (Hou et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2024; Tang et al., 2025). The carbon-nitrogen ratio of rapeseed straw is approximately 153.82, and the pH value is around 6.05. All these will affect its effect in anaerobic digestion and microbial decomposition (Witaszek et al., 2025). Its high calorific value is approximately 17.36 MJ/kg, with a high carbon content. After pyrolysis, the oxygen content will significantly decrease, which is beneficial for improving fuel quality (Malať ak et al., 2024). However, its ash and chlorine content is not low either. Attention should be paid during combustion or pyrolysis (Hou et al., 2023; Malaťak et al., 2024). 2.3 Seasonality and availability The output and supply of rapeseed straw are mainly related to the harvest season. Generally, a large amount of straw is produced in a concentrated manner after the summer harvest (Malať ak et al., 2024). Rapeseed has a large planting area in Europe, China and other places. The straw resources are abundant and concentrated, which is convenient for collection and large-scale utilization (Malať ak et al., 2024; Suchocki, 2024). In addition, the distribution of straw in the field and the way it is collected will also affect its cost and sustainability in energy utilization (Elsayed et al., 2022; Suchocki, 2024). 3 Technological Pathways for Bioenergy Production 3.1 Thermochemical conversion Thermochemical conversions include incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. slow pyrolysis (slow pyrolysis) can turn rapeseed stalks into biooil and biochar. Studies have found that under the conditions of 650 °C and a heating
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