Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 193-204 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 198 6 Environmental and Socioeconomic Considerations 6.1 Adaptation to climate variability Sorghum can adapt to extreme climates such as drought, high temperature and waterlogging, and is thus called "the camel among grains". Under the background of climate change, it shows strong climate resilience and is an important crop for ensuring food security and the livelihoods of smallcap farmers (Chadalavada et al., 2021; Hossain et al., 2022; Khalifa and Eltahir, 2023; Wibowo and Meylani, 2024). Many simulations and field studies have shown that measures such as integrated soil fertility management (ISFM), agroforestry, new varieties with stress tolerance and irrigation can significantly increase sorghum yield. In some areas, the increase in yield can even reach 300% (Akinseye et al., 2020; Mohammed and Misganaw, 2022; Arumugam et al., 2023; Khalifa and Eltahir, 2023) (Figure 3). Research on the combination of genome and environment has found that sorghum has rich genetic diversity and adaptive loci in different ecological regions, which provides a theoretical basis for breeding varieties that are more resistant to climate change (Menamo et al., 2020; Takanashi, 2023; Mukherjee et al., 2024; Mwamahonje et al., 2024). In regions with variable climates such as Africa and South Asia, promoting sorghum can help reduce the food and nutritional risks brought about by climate variation. Figure 3 Multi-year (2001-2020) average yield of sorghum: region-wise (A); economy-wise (B); 10 countries with the highest and lowest yield (C); top 10 countries with sorghum harvested area (D); time series of global sorghum production (in million tonnes) and area harvested (in million ha) for 1961-2020 (E); and time series of average yield on a global scale for 1961-2020 (F) (Adopted from Khalifa and Eltahir, 2023)
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