Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 163-171 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 169 enzymatic hydrolysis techniques can significantly increase sugar yield and fuel output, and also enhance energy recovery efficiency (Luo et al., 2011; Kuglarz et al., 2018; Passoth and Sandgren, 2019; Abbasi-Riyakhuni et al., 2025). In addition, biotransformation methods such as black soldier fly larvae can simultaneously produce biodiesel and protein, enabling more efficient utilization of waste (Elsayed et al., 2020; 2022). In the future, the energy utilization technology of rapeseed straw will be further upgraded by improving microbial strains, optimizing enzyme preparations and enhancing the value of by-products (Passoth and Sandgren, 2019; Aragonés et al., 2022). 7.2 Integration with circular economy The energy utilization of rapeseed straw is highly consistent with the concept of circular economy. By using biorefining and polyproduction models, not only can energy, chemicals and feed be obtained simultaneously, but also waste and pollution can be reduced (Luo et al., 2011; Passoth and Sandgren, 2019; Aragonés et al., 2022; Abbasi-Riyakhuni et al., 2025). By-products such as organic fertilizers, protein feed and biochar can recycle nutrients, improve soil and increase carbon sinks (Ren et al., 2019; Cowie, 2020). Next, it is necessary to enhance the full life cycle assessment, improve the indicator system for recycling, and maximize the environmental, economic and social benefits (Cowie, 2020; Arsic et al., 2023). 7.3 Policy directions Policies are of great significance for the sustainable development of rapeseed straw bioenergy. Current subsidies, tax incentives, carbon trading and other measures have promoted industrialization, but there is still room for improvement in the cost of second-generation biofuels (Ren et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2022). Future policies can focus on: improving the infrastructure for straw collection and supply chains, promoting cross-regional mechanized operations and logistics optimization; Establish diversified incentive mechanisms to encourage high-value utilization of by-products and carbon reduction; Combining the goals of circular economy and carbon neutrality, formulate a long-term and stable policy system to achieve a win-win situation for agriculture, energy and the environment (Ren et al., 2019; Cowie, 2020; Wang et al., 2022; Arsic et al., 2023). 8 Concluding Remarks Existing research indicates that it is feasible to use rapeseed straw as a raw material for bioenergy, and there are many ways to utilize it. After physical, chemical or biological pretreatment, rapeseed straw can be converted into various energy sources such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen and methane. The energy recovery efficiency can reach up to 60%, which is much higher than the 20% of the traditional biodiesel process. Comprehensive utilization of straw can not only increase energy output but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with the reduction rate ranging from 9% to 29%. At the same time, it can also enable agricultural waste to be utilized at a higher value. In terms of policy, efforts can be made to promote the industrialization of rapeseed straw bioenergy, improve the collection, transportation and subsidy mechanisms, and encourage the adoption of multi-product bio-refining models to reduce emissions and drive rural economic development. In terms of research, the pretreatment process can be further improved, such as hydrothermal/dilute acid combined with alkali treatment, mechanical crushing, etc., to enhance the saccharification rate and conversion efficiency. At the same time, attention should be paid to the utilization of by-products and the assessment of environmental impacts. In terms of industry, it is suggested to take an integrated approach, combining multi-product integration such as biodiesel, ethanol and biogas, and exploring coordinated development with industries like livestock and poultry breeding and protein feed, so as to enhance economic and environmental benefits. Rapeseed straw bioenergy is not only an effective way to reuse agricultural waste, but also can play a role in mitigating climate change, optimizing the energy structure and promoting the green transformation of rural areas. Its diverse energy products and emission reduction advantages make it an important part of the sustainable energy transition. In the future, with technological progress and policy support, its position in the global renewable energy system is expected to be further enhanced.
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