Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 105-116 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 108 Figure 1 Biochar/hydrochar yields of RS, WW, and LD under the thermal conversion techniques of hydrothermal conversion (HC), pyrolysis (PC), and torrefaction (TC) (Adopted from Güleç et al., 2022a) 4.2 Biochemical processes 4.2.1 Anaerobic digestion Although there is no experimental data specifically on anaerobic digestion of rapeseed biomass, it is generally believed that agricultural waste such as rapeseed can be used to produce gas (such as biogas) by anaerobic digestion. This method can effectively utilize farmland waste and also contribute to the development of green energy (Zhou et al., 2022; Tshikovhi and Motaung, 2023). 4.2.2 Fermentation Rapeseed oil can also be converted into biofuels such as biodiesel through fermentation and other methods. Current research focuses on optimizing oil extraction and conversion methods, hoping to improve the yield and quality of biodiesel, which is very helpful for the development of renewable energy (Aslan, 2020; Suchocki, 2024). 4.3 Emerging technologies: hydrothermal liquefaction, torrefaction 4.3.1 Hydrothermal liquefaction Hydrothermal liquefaction is a relatively new thermal treatment method suitable for processing biomass such as rapeseed. Studies have shown that after hydrothermal reaction of rapeseed residue, about 75% of the product can be obtained. The calorific value of these charcoals is also high, exceeding 30 kJ/g, which is suitable for use as fuel (Güleç et al., 2022a; 2022b). This process is mainly a decarboxylation reaction, which can produce a carbon structure with a high H/C ratio and a low O/C ratio, making the fuel quality better (Güleç et al., 2022b). 4.3.2 Torrefaction Torrefaction is a mild heat treatment method. The structure and reactivity of the treated rapeseed residue charcoal will be more suitable for use as energy (Güleç et al., 2022a; 2022b). 5 Biofuels from Rapeseed Biomass 5.1 Biodiesel: primarily from rapeseed oil (brief for context) Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has a high oil content and is adaptable to various environments. It is widely used in Europe to produce biodiesel. Rapeseed oil can be processed by pressing, solvent extraction and refining. These processes are highly efficient, and the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) produced is what we call biodiesel. This oil can not only be used directly as a fuel, but can also be mixed with other fuels such as alcohol or hydrogen. It has a good combustion effect and relatively clean emissions (Masarovičová et al., 2009; Aslan, 2020; Suchocki, 2024). In addition, rapeseed meal left after biodiesel production can also be used as fuel (Suchocki, 2024).
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