Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 94-104 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 101 This requires strict standards to be established throughout the entire processing process, such as uniform extraction processes and standardized testing steps (Wu et al., 2021). Another problem is that residual impurities, such as solvents or proteins, will affect the purity and safety of the product. There are now some purification technologies, such as macroporous resins, which can effectively remove unwanted components without destroying useful substances (He et al., 2019). These technologies need further verification, especially to adapt to production conditions of different scales and establish a reliable quality control process (Sodhi et al., 2021; Zhou, 2024). 8.3 Limited industrial promotion Although Cordyceps residues have utilization value, they still face many problems when they are actually used in industrial production. The first is high cost. Many extraction and processing equipment are very expensive and cannot be easily afforded by ordinary companies (Dessbesell et al., 2017; Bejenaru et al., 2024). Some technologies are effective in the laboratory, but it is much more difficult to operate them in large factories (Wang et al., 2022). In addition to cost and technical issues, regulations are also an obstacle. Developing products with Cordyceps residues must meet safety standards for food, medicine, etc. These procedures are complicated and time-consuming (Bejenaru et al., 2024). A clear regulatory mechanism must be established to clarify the quality and safety requirements of Cordyceps products (Sodhi et al., 2021). 9 Sustainable Development and Economic Analysis of Cordyceps Residues The reuse of cordyceps residues can not only reduce waste, but also bring economic benefits, such as the solid waste (SBRs) left after the cultivation of cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris). These residues contain active ingredients, and after simple treatment, substances with antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition can be extracted, which have good effects in skin care products (Pintathong et al., 2021). Other agricultural wastes can also be used in the process of cordyceps cultivation, such as biochar made from corn cobs. This material can not only be used as a culture medium, but also increase the yield and active ingredients of cordyceps (Phoungthong et al., 2022). This shows that cordyceps cultivation can form a virtuous cycle with agricultural by-products and reduce resource waste. From an economic perspective, the collection of cordyceps, especially Cordyceps sinensis, is of great significance to some remote areas. In Karwal, India, the local residents earn their main income by collecting Cordyceps (Caplins and Halvorson, 2017; Caplins et al., 2018). Artificial cultivation of Cordyceps has also become a new way. Through large-scale cultivation, people can stabilize output, reduce dependence on wild resources, and expand market supply (Li et al., 2018). Taking Tibet as an example, the local government has set up protected areas, strengthened management, and regulated market transactions to ensure that Cordyceps resources are not over-exploited (Liu et al., 2010). In the Karwal region of India, there is also a community-led protection mechanism to ensure that local people can have fair access to Cordyceps resources (Caplins and Halvorson, 2017). The government encourages artificial cultivation policies, which not only reduces environmental pressure, but also helps the long-term development of the industry (Li et al., 2018). 10 Conclusions After the cultivation of Cordyceps militaris, a lot of residues are left. These residues are usually treated as waste, but in fact they contain many useful ingredients and are worth further development and utilization. These residues are promising in both medicine and skin care. The polysaccharide components in Cordyceps residues have been found to have the effects of lowering blood lipids and protecting the liver, and are expected to be used as raw materials for health products. These solid residues have also been studied for use in cosmetics, showing antioxidant and anti-aging effects.
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