Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 94-104 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 99 humans or animals and need to be confirmed through rigorous experiments (Chen et al., 2020). At this stage, special safety standards and testing procedures should be formulated as soon as possible to clarify which ingredients are allowed to exist and which need to be controlled. It is the responsibility of the government or regulatory agencies to issue relevant regulations to ensure that these products can be used within a safe range. The maximum content of polysaccharides, cordycepin and mycotoxins should be specified, while ensuring that the production process is not contaminated. As research continues to deepen, these regulations also need to be adjusted according to the latest data to ensure that products sold on the market do not cause harm to consumer health (Zou et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2020). 6 Development of Fermentation and Microbial Technology Based on Cordyceps Residues 6.1 Development of fermented products The residues of Cordyceps militaris can be used as raw materials for fermentation to produce functional products. When used in solid-state fermentation (SSF), it can not only increase the total phenolic and flavonoid content in substrates such as beans, but also enhance the antioxidant activity, making it suitable for making healthy foods (Liu et al., 2022). There are also studies trying to use agricultural waste and Cordyceps residues to ferment together to produce bioactive ingredients (Wang et al., 2022). Some fermentation processes include pretreatment steps, such as alkaline treatment, before operation. This practice can increase the yield of volatile fatty acids and recover cellulose from the screened residue (Duan et al., 2021). 6.2 Microbial transformation technology Microorganisms can be used to transform Cordyceps residues into useful products. Researchers have modified microorganisms (including metabolic pathways and transcription factors) to improve the ability to decompose lignocellulose, which is particularly effective for Cordyceps residues, a carbon-rich raw material that can be used to produce biofuels and chemicals (Paula et al., 2019). Scientists have also begun to use fungal cell factories, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to produce cordycepin, a medicinal substance. This method has a short fermentation cycle and high yield, and is an alternative to traditional production methods, solving the problems of high cost and low yield (Li et al., 2024b). 6.3 Process innovation To make more efficient use of cordyceps residue, some new processes are emerging. Some studies have tried to use Bacillus subtilis and cordyceps in stepwise culture. This serial fermentation method not only improves the production of cordycepin, but also reduces the use of solvent (Wu et al., 2013). Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is also commonly used for the conversion of agricultural waste, and cordyceps residues are suitable for this process. SSF can produce a variety of useful enzymes and metabolites, and the process itself is in line with the concept of recycling (Chilakamarry et al., 2021). 7 Development of Cosmetics and Beauty Products Based on Cordyceps Residues 7.1 Anti-aging and antioxidant applications The residues left after the extraction of Cordyceps militaris have good prospects for use in the development of skin care products. The Cordyceps residues treated with hot water can produce crude extracts with strong antioxidant capacity. This activity is important for skin cells because it can reduce damage caused by free radicals, which is a major cause of skin aging (Pintathong et al., 2021). These extracts can also promote the growth of fibroblasts. In addition to ordinary extracts, the effect of encapsulating the active ingredients of Cordyceps through nanotechnology is more obvious. This form of Cordyceps ingredients can not only remove oxides, but also stimulate autophagy reactions, help increase collagen production, and accelerate the metabolism of skin cells (Upatcha et al., 2023).
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