Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 64-74 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 72 Potatoes bred in this way will also be more resilient to extreme weather or soil problems. It will take a lot of research to find truly reliable ROS markers. We have to understand the performance and specific role of these markers in various stress responses before we can use them in breeding with confidence. 8.3 Integrating ROS knowledge into potato breeding and field applications Using ROS research results in actual breeding and field planting is a promising development direction. As long as we understand how ROS affects stress responses, breeders can select genes that perform better in ROS control, thereby improving potato resistance (Soliman et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021). In addition to selecting seeds in the laboratory, ROS research can also guide actual planting methods. For example, we can develop some "biostimulants" that can regulate ROS levels, or through the proper management of fertilizers and water, let the plants balance ROS better and reduce the losses caused by drought, salt damage, diseases and insect pests (You and Chan, 2015; Dvořák et al., 2021). It is not easy to move from research to practical application. This requires the combination of molecular biology, breeding genetics and agricultural management. Only in this way can we truly develop an effective ROS regulation strategy to improve potatoes and increase yield and adaptability. 9 Conclusion Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role when potatoes encounter stress. It acts as a signal that allows plants to initiate defense responses. For example, in the case of drought, salinity or pathogen attack, the level of ROS in potatoes will increase, which may cause oxidative stress and damage cells. To deal with this problem, potatoes have their own way. They will activate some antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (PRXs). These enzymes can remove excess ROS, help cells avoid damage, and make plants more resistant to stress. For potatoes to stay healthy, the production and removal of ROS must be maintained at a balance. The right amount of ROS is useful, it can help transmit signals and trigger defense responses; but if there are too many ROS, it will damage cells and cause problems with the physiological functions of plants. In the process of regulating ROS, two types of molecules, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and Rbohs, interact with each other and can regulate the production of ROS together. In addition, systems such as the ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle can also help remove ROS, indicating that both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant methods are important. These mechanisms allow potatoes to cope with external stress while continuing to grow and develop normally. In future studies, scientists can focus on how to further improve the stress resistance of potatoes through breeding or biotechnology. For example, key genes that can remove ROS can be found and "amplified", which may make potatoes perform better in the face of drought or disease. Continuing to study the interaction between ROS and other signaling molecules will also help find new stress resistance strategies. If we can understand how ROS transmits signals in cell structures such as mitochondria, we may be able to discover more new ways to make potatoes stronger. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Ms. Kris Jin continuous support throughout the development of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Alscher R., Donahue J., and Cramer C., 1997, Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: Relationships in green cells, Physiologia Plantarum, 100: 224-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1399-3054.1997.TB04778.X Baxter A., Mittler R., and Suzuki N., 2014, ROS as key players in plant stress signalling, Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(5): 1229-1240. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert375 Czarnocka W., and Karpiński S., 2018, Friend or foe? Reactive oxygen species production, scavenging and signaling in plant response to environmental stresses, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 122: 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.011
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