Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 64-74 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 68 some defense-related genes. When certain enzymes called RBOH in potatoes become active, the number of ROS increases, which then activates antioxidant-related genes such as CPRX1, PRX2, and CAT1. These changes allow potatoes to better defend against pathogens such as late blight. Studies have shown that after adding a gene called StRbohA to potatoes, the plants' disease resistance has become stronger (Soliman et al., 2021) (Figure 2). ROS signals are also related to many gene networks that regulate abiotic stresses such as drought or high salt. There are some regulatory proteins in these networks, such as WRKY or zinc finger proteins. They act like "coordinators" that can integrate signals from different parts so that potatoes can respond to stress in a unified manner (Miller et al., 2008). Figure 2 Expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification genes in infected StRbohA lines and infected wild type (WT) plants (Adopted from Soliman et al., 2021) Image caption: Five ROS detoxification genes were tested at 0, 2, 4, and 6 days postinoculation (dpi): A, CPRX1; B, PRX2; C, APRX; D, CAT1; and E, CAT2. F, Relative expression CPRX1, PRTX2, APRX, CAT1, and CAT2 in noninoculated WT and StRbohA lines. The fold changes of the quantitative real-time PCR data were calculated via the 2−ΔΔCt method (Livak and Schmittgen 2001). The noninoculated plants from each line were used as experimental controls for each corresponding inoculated line. The analysis was performed on data collected from three biological replicates for each line at each time point. The housekeeping gene elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) was used as the internal normalizer. The represented mean values in the graph that were assigned the same letters are not statistically different at P≤0.05 (Adopted from Soliman et al., 2021) 4.2 Interaction of ROS with potato hormones like ABA, SA, and JA The interaction between ROS and several other plant hormones is very important in the stress response of potato. Hormones such as ABA (water stress related), SA (disease prevention related) and JA (insect resistance related) all interact with ROS. During drought, ABA increases ROS production, causing the stomata of plant cells to close, thereby reducing water loss. This process involves the production of ROS at different cell locations, helping to
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