Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 42-52 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 50 battery" in the cell, which can quickly provide ATP in a short period of time. This mechanism allows muscles to quickly obtain energy during contraction, and can also support the continuous operation of tissues such as the brain. Different types of CK are distributed in different areas of the cell, making energy transfer more accurate and efficient. In addition, the creatine phosphate system can also participate in cell signaling and play a protective role during oxidative stress. The creatine phosphate system plays an important role not only in muscles, but also in other tissues. In the brain, the special distribution of creatine synthase and CK supports energy cooperation between neurons and glial cells and maintains the stability of neural activity. In adipose tissue, creatine is involved in regulating thermogenic respiration and affects the body's overall energy consumption. These findings also suggest that creatine may play a positive role in regulating obesity. Current studies have shown that creatine supplementation can improve muscle diseases, ischemic injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases by not only improving ATP stability, but also speeding up recovery and reducing oxidative damage. Future research will further expand our understanding of the creatine phosphate system, especially its role in non-muscle tissues, such as the brain and adipose tissue, which may have some new physiological functions. With the development of genetic engineering and bioinformatics technology, the molecular mechanism of creatine metabolism may be revealed more clearly. We are expected to gain a deeper understanding of its disorder process in various diseases and develop more targeted treatment strategies. In general, the creatine phosphate system is not only a basic component of cellular energy, but also may provide new solutions for a variety of energy-related diseases such as metabolic diseases and neurological diseases. Acknowledgments As we complete this thesis, the authors would like to express our deepest gratitude to Ms. Cherry Xuan. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Balestrino M., and Adriano E., 2019, Beyond sports: efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in pathological or paraphysiological conditions of brain and muscle, Medicinal Research Reviews, 39: 2427-2459. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21590 Bonilla D., Kreider R., Stout J., Forero D., Kerksick C., Roberts M., and Rawson E., 2021a, Metabolic basis of creatine in health and disease: a bioinformatics-assisted review, Nutrients, 13(4): 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041238 Bonilla D., Moreno Y., Rawson E., Forero D., Stout J., Kerksick C., Roberts M., and Kreider R., 2021b, A convergent functional genomics analysis to identify biological regulators mediating effects of creatine supplementation, Nutrients, 13(8): 2521. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082521 Branovets J., Karro N., Barsunova K., Laasmaa M., Lygate C., Vendelin M., and Birkedal R., 2020, Cardiac expression and location of hexokinase changes in a mouse model of pure creatine-deficiency, American journal of physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 320(2): H613-H629. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00188.2020 Clarke H., Kim D., Meza C., Ormsbee M., and Hickner R., 2020, The evolving applications of creatine supplementation: could creatine improve vascular health? Nutrients, 12(9): 2834. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092834 Duran-Trio L., Fernandes-Pires G., Grosse J., Soro-Arnaiz I., Roux-Petronelli C., Binz P., Bock K., Cudalbu C., Sandi C., and Braissant O., 2021, Creatine transporter–deficient rat model shows motor dysfunction, cerebellar alterations, and muscle creatine deficiency without muscle atrophy, Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 45: 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12470 Farr C., El‐Kasaby A., Erdem F., Sucic S., Freissmuth M., and Sandtner W., 2022, Cooperative binding of substrate and ions drives forward cycling of the human creatine transporter-1, Frontiers in Physiology, 13: 919439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.919439 Franco A., Ambrosio G., Baroncelli L., Pizzorusso T., Barison A., Olivotto I., Recchia F., Lombardi C., Metra M., Chen Y., Passino C., Emdin M., and Vergaro G., 2021, Creatine deficiency and heart failure, Heart Failure Reviews, 27(5): 1605-1616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-021-10173-y
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