Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 31-41 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 39 9 Conclusion NADPH plays an important role in cellular metabolism. It is a provider of electrons for many anabolic and antioxidant reactions. It provides reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and nucleotides, all of which are important for cells. In addition, NADPH helps regenerate reduced glutathione. This substance is critical for protecting cells from oxidative damage. Although NADPH is primarily produced by the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), other pathways are involved, such as the malic enzyme pathway and folate-related one-carbon metabolism. These pathways also affect the supply of NADPH. NADPH is distributed differently in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, and this partitioning indicates that it has different effects in different locations and is also important for local metabolic activities. NADPH plays a central role in both anabolic and antioxidant activities. It provides reducing power to help synthesize important molecules, and it also helps scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress. Cells need to maintain a balance between the production and use of NADPH. If this balance is disturbed, it may lead to diseases such as metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In recent years, scientists have begun to study the dynamic changes of NADPH in cells more deeply through new technologies such as gene sensors and fluorescence imaging. These new discoveries have given us a better understanding of its regulatory mechanisms. In the future, regulating NADPH levels may become a new treatment method to enhance the ability of cells to resist stress or help treat diseases related to oxidative damage and metabolic imbalance. Acknowledgments Thank you to the project team for the careful guidance and strong support. Your professional insights and valuable suggestions have played a crucial role in the smooth progress of this research. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Amjad S., Nisar S., Bhat A., Shah A., Frenneaux M., Fakhro K., Haris M., Reddy R., Patay Z., Baur J., and Bagga P., 2021, Role of NAD+ in regulating cellular and metabolic signaling pathways, Molecular Metabolism, 49: 101195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101195 Arnold D., and Heimall J., 2017, A review of chronic granulomatous disease, Advances in Therapy, 34: 2543-2557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0636-2 Barese C., Goebel W., and Dinauer M., 2004, Gene therapy for chronic granulomatous disease, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 4: 1423-1434. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.4.9.1423 Benhar M., 2018, Roles of mammalian glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase enzymes in the cellular response to nitrosative stress, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 127: 160-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.028 Blacker T., and Duchen M., 2016, Investigating mitochondrial redox state using NADH and NADPH autofluorescence, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 100: 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.010 Blacker T., Mann Z., Gale J., Ziegler M., Bain A., Szabadkai G., and Duchen M., 2014, Separating NADH and NADPH fluorescence in live cells and tissues using FLIM, Nature Communications, 5(1): 3936. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4936 Bradshaw P., 2019, Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial NADPH-coupled redox systems in the regulation of aging, Nutrients, 11(3): 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030504 Braidy N., Berg J., Clement J., Khorshidi F., Poljak A., Jayasena T., Grant R., and Sachdev P., 2019, Role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and related precursors as therapeutic targets for age-related degenerative diseases: rationale, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and outcomes, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 30(2): 251-294. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2017.7269 Chai Y., and Mieyal J., 2023, Glutathione and glutaredoxin—key players in cellular redox homeostasis and signaling, Antioxidants, 12(8): 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081553 Chan E., Jiang F., Peshavariya H., and Dusting G., 2009, Regulation of cell proliferation by NADPH oxidase-mediated signaling: potential roles in tissue repair, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 122(2): 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.005
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