Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 21-30 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 27 conditions, the problem of energy production becomes more serious (Rizza et al., 2009; Lippe et al., 2019). The regulation of the mitochondrial ATP synthase is also very important, and it can be adjusted according to the energy needs of the cell. If its function is not good, it may cause some pathological conditions (Das, 2003). 7.2 Role of ATP deficiency in aging and neurodegenerative diseases ATP deficiency is a key factor in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria play an important role in the process of ATP production. Their defects or disorders are considered to be one of the causes of aging and some neurodegenerative diseases (Annesley and Fisher, 2019). The regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase is essential for maintaining the energy level of the cell. If it goes wrong, it will lead to energy deficiency in neurodegenerative diseases (Das, 2003). The dynamic processes of mitochondria, including their fusion, fission and quality control, are particularly important. They have a great impact on maintaining energy balance, especially in neurological diseases (Yu and Pekkurnaz, 2018). 7.3 Cancer metabolism and ATP dynamic changes Cancer cells often have abnormal ATP dynamics, a phenomenon called the Warburg effect. Even in an aerobic environment, they still rely on glycolysis to generate ATP. This metabolic change is related to mitochondrial function and ATP generation disorder. Mitochondria are not only the main place for ATP generation, but they also play an important role in cell signaling and metabolic regulation, which is very important for the proliferation and survival of cancer cells (Annesley and Fisher, 2019). Under certain circumstances, mitochondrial F-ATP synthase may become an energy-consuming state, affecting the metabolic efficiency of the cell and potentially promoting cancer (Lippe et al., 2019). Regulating mitochondrial dynamics is critical for cancer metabolism because changes in mitochondrial shape and function directly affect energy generation and cellular metabolic processes (Yu and Pekkurnaz, 2018). 8 Treatment Methods for ATP Metabolism 8.1 Pharmacological preparations affecting ATP synthesis and utilization The potential of drug intervention in ATP metabolism has been demonstrated in the treatment of some diseases. F1Fo ATP synthase is a key enzyme for ATP production. Research has found that regulating this enzyme can help treat heart disease, cancer, diabetes and other diseases, and regulating the activity of this enzyme can improve energy balance and mitochondrial health (Johnson and Ogbi, 2011). When studying the glucose metabolism of cancer cells, especially the Warburg effect, it is recommended to intervene in this process to inhibit tumor growth. The use of anti glycolytic drugs, especially in combination with other treatment methods, may be effective (Abdel Wahab et al., 2019). AMPK (AMP activated protein kinase) plays an important role in the generation and utilization of ATP, and it is a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer (Carling et al., 2012; Herzig and Shaw, 2017). 8.2 Gene therapy and enzyme replacement strategies in ATP related diseases Through high-throughput gene screening, scientists have discovered key genes that maintain ATP levels, such as mitochondrial ribosomal protein and CoQ10 synthesis genes. Supplementing with CoQ10 can restore ATP deficiency caused by genetic defects, demonstrating the potential of gene therapy in repairing metabolic defects (Mendelsohn et al., 2018). The ATP synthase/IF1 pathway is associated with cancer progression, and regulating this pathway may help inhibit tumor growth and spread. Studying the regulatory mechanisms of ATP synthase and its inhibitor IF1 may provide new targets for treatment (Dom í nguez Zorita and Cuezma, 2023). MicroRNAs regulate mitochondrial energy metabolism genes and control ATP levels (Siengdee et al., 2015). 8.3 Future research directions for ATP targeted therapy The study of the effects of physiological agonists and drugs on ATP synthase function, as well as the search for new regulatory mechanisms, are the focus of future research (Johnson and Ogbi, 2011). Developing more effective anti glycolytic agents and combining them with other therapies may improve the efficacy of cancer treatment (Abdel Wahab et al., 2019). Studying the role of AMPK in maintaining mitochondrial health and exploring its potential as a therapeutic target may provide new therapeutic approaches for metabolic diseases
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