Journal of Energy Bioscience 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 21-30 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 22 mechanisms, including the role of key enzymes such as AMPK. It will analyze the relationship between ATP metabolism and health and disease, and see the problems caused by ATP imbalance. 2 Structure of ATP 2.1 Molecular composition of ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of three parts: adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. Adenine is a nitrogenous base, and ribose is a five-carbon sugar. The three phosphate groups are arranged in a row, and the high-energy phosphoanhydride bond in the middle connects them (Angeli et al., 2016; Ley-Ngardigal and Bertolin, 2021; Fontecilla-Camps, 2022). It is this structure that allows ATP to store and transfer energy well. 2.2 Structural dynamics: phosphate groups, adenine, and ribose The function of ATP is closely related to its structure. ATP has three phosphate groups called α, β, and γ, which are connected together through high-energy bonds. When these bonds are hydrolyzed, energy is released. These energies can be used to support many activities within cells (Angeli et al., 2016; Fontecilla Camps, 2022). Adenosine and ribose combine to form "adenosine". This part helps ATP to be recognized and bound by enzymes or other proteins in the cell (Walsh et al., 2017; Deng and Walther, 2020) (Figure 1). The function of ribose is to connect adenine and phosphate groups, and it also plays a role in energy and signal transmission (Ramdani and Langsley, 2014). Figure 1 ATP-responsive co-assembled supramolecular polymers and breakage of protein supracolloidal polymers (Adopted from Deng and Walther, 2020) Image caption: a) Helical supramolecular polymers with different chirality/helicity formed by co-assembly of adenosine phosphates (AXP; ATP, ADP, and AMP) with NDPAs bearing terminal ZnDPA groups. b) The addition of ATP to NDPA-ADP and NDPA-AMP supramolecular polymers inverts the helical structure of the supramolecular polymers from M-configuration to P-configuration. c) CD values during adding of ATP to NDPA-ADP (green) or NDPA-AMP (red) demonstrate inversion of the helicity, while addition of ADP or AMP to NDPA-ATP does not lead to a change in the CD signal. d) Protein-based nanotubes showing ATP-responsive disassembly, as seen by TEM. A-c) Reproduced with permission (Kumar et al., 2014); d) Reproduced with permission (Biswas et al., 2013) (Adopted from Deng and Walther, 2020)
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