Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 337-348 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 339 Figure 1 Characterization of VPZ (VDE/PsbS/ZEP) expressing potato plants (Adopted from Lehretz et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Construct design (B) transgene expression in leaves; bars show mean of four biological replicates ± SD. (C) Plant phenotype 17 d after planting (dap) and 39 dap (D) non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) and (E) relative NPQ with relaxation in the dark (time to 50% relaxation t50%=16.4 ± 2.0 (wild‐type (WT)), t50% = 15.7 ± 2.0 (#14), t50% = 15.2 ± 2.6 (#24*), t50% = 11.5 ± 4.4 (#29*), data points show mean of five plants ±SD, *P‐value <0.05 compared to WT as indicated by colored lines (Adopted from Lehretz et al., 2022) 2.3 Environmental constraints and their impact on photosynthetic performance The photosynthetic efficiency of potato is regulated by multiple environmental factors. In terms of light stress, high irradiance can trigger the degradation of D1 protein in the reaction center of photosystem II, leading to photoinhibition; while the expression of AtBBX21 gene significantly improves the efficiency of light energy utilization and reduces the risk of light damage by stabilizing the structure of photosynthetic membrane complex (Crocco et al., 2018; Ocampo et al., 2021). Water stress inhibits the activity of the electron transport chain and induces reactive oxygen burst by destroying the proton gradient of the thylakoid membrane, but the introduction of alternative electron transfer pathways mediated by flavoproteins can effectively maintain the efficiency of photosynthetic phosphorylation under water deficit conditions (Karlusich et al., 2020). As a key substrate for chlorophyll synthesis and Rubisco enzyme assembly, nitrogen nutrition utilization efficiency (NUE) is significantly positively correlated with the photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate. Genome-wide association analysis combined with physiological phenotype screening confirmed that optimizing the coordinated expression of nitrogen transporters (such as NRT2.1) and assimilation enzymes (GS/GOGAT) can increase photosynthetic output per unit nitrogen input (Tiwari et al., 2018; Tiwijari et al., 2020). These findings provide a theoretical basis for constructing an "environmentally adaptive" photosynthetic regulatory network. By integrating molecular design breeding (such as the introduction of C4 metabolic modules) and precision agronomic management (coordinated regulation of water and fertilizer), it is expected to break through the current yield bottleneck.
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