Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 368-377 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 372 Figure 2 Ultrastructural study of Bnlpat2/5 knockout lines in mature cotyledons (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2019) Image caption: a–g represent the mutant lines in WT, g1, g2, g3, g4, g123 and g134. OB indicates oil body, PB indicates protein body, St indicates starch, CW indicates well wall. h represents the distribution and the size of oil body size (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2019) 4.4 Economic and environmental impacts Economic analysis shows that optimized precision farming techniques not only increase yields, but also improve the economic viability of rapeseed for biodiesel production. Financial support from agricultural policies (such as the EU Common Agricultural Policy) has played a key role in promoting sustainable practices. Environmental assessments show that pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions have been reduced, and rapeseed oil-based biodiesel has lower CO and particulate matter emissions than conventional diesel. Studies have highlighted the importance of sustainable agricultural practices (such as conservation agriculture) in ensuring long-term economic and environmental benefits (Ganev et al., 2021; Viccaro et al., 2019; Saqib et al., 2012). 5 Post-Harvest Processing for Maximum Oil Recovery 5.1 Advances in mechanical extraction Mechanical extraction technology has made significant progress in improving efficiency and sustainability. Traditional methods often involve multiple steps and consume a lot of energy, but recent innovations have simplified the process. For example, a novel method is able to produce biodiesel directly from whole rapeseed through a single-step mechanical processing without the use of catalysts (Tanner et al., 2023). This method reduces environmental impact by reducing the use of water and solvents, not only simplifies the extraction process, but also improves the overall yield and quality of the oil, making it a more viable option for large-scale biodiesel production. 5.2 Role of solvent extraction and enzymatic processes Solvent extraction and enzymatic processes play a vital role in maximizing oil recovery. In particular, when solvent extraction is combined with enzymatic processes, oil yields can be significantly increased. For example, the use of mineral diesel as an extraction solvent in an in situ transesterification process has been shown to be very effective (Santaraite et al., 2020; Sendžikienė et al., 2022). This approach eliminates the step of separate oil extraction, thereby saving energy and reducing costs. In addition, a lipase-catalyzed process using mixed waste
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