Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 368-377 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 370 Figure 1 The steps involved in CRISPR technology for seed oil improvement inBrassica napus (Adopted from Ali and Zhang, 2023) China has achieved significant results with international influence in the field of rapeseed genome research. Through cooperation with international research institutions, China has completed the whole genome sequencing of Brassica napus and its two parent species, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa, and annotated 44 940 genes in Brassica oleracea, 41 174 genes in Brassica rapa, and more than 100 000 genes in Brassica rapa. These results not only reveal the complex genome structure and evolutionary characteristics of rapeseed, but also provide rich resources for in-depth research on gene function. In addition, the 60K Infinium SNP chip jointly developed by Chinese and foreign research teams has also provided important technical support for global rapeseed genetic improvement and molecular breeding (Liu et al., 2015). In terms of functional genomics research, Chinese researchers have made significant progress in a number of key agronomic traits, including yield, oil content, fertility regulation, disease and pest resistance, stress resistance, nutrient use efficiency, and resistance to grain shattering. Several key genes have been successfully identified and cloned, such as the genes BnaA.ARF18.a and BnaC9.SMG7b that simultaneously regulate grain weight and the number of grains per pod, SHB1 and HAIKU2 that affect grain weight, and transcription factors LEC1 and WRI1 that regulate oil accumulation. In addition, the important role of maternal tissues such as pod walls and seed coats, as well as cytoplasmic effects in regulating oil content, has been discovered, and key genes related to these processes such as GRF2 and ORF188 have been identified. 3.2 Optimized planting densities and irrigation practices Optimizing planting density and irrigation measures is another important factor in increasing rapeseed oil production. Field experiments have shown that increasing planting density and combining it with appropriate fertilization can significantly increase dry matter accumulation and seed oil content (Tian et al., 2020). In addition, water-saving technologies such as straw mulching and ridge-ditch rainwater collection can significantly improve water use efficiency and nutrient absorption under variable climatic conditions. These measures not only increase yields, but also improve oil content by reducing nutrient loss during the rainy season and improving soil moisture during the dry season (Feng et al., 2020). 3.3 Integrated pest and disease management Rapeseed crops are attacked by six major pests that growers usually need to control to ensure rapeseed yields. Common pests are the rapeseed stem flea beetle, pollen beetle, rapeseed weevil, rapeseed stem weevil, rapeseed stem weevil and Brassica pod midge. These pests will attack crops at different growth stages and damage different parts of the plant. They are widely distributed, but their relative importance varies from country to country and year to year. Currently, their control still relies mainly on chemical pesticides, which are usually used for
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