Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 337-348 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 345 water supply, all of which affect the expression stability of photosynthetic genes (Sakoda et al., 2022). More complicatedly, the interaction effect of genotype-environment-management (G×E×M) will significantly regulate the actual performance of genetic improvement. For example, the photosynthetic gain of Rubisco activase-overexpressing lines may be completely inhibited under water stress conditions (Cooper et al., 2021). Solving this transformation bottleneck requires: (1) establishing a predictive model that integrates physiological parameters and environmental variables, and verifying the stability of genetic improvement through multi-location and multi-year field trials; (2) breaking through the technical limitations of multi-gene collaborative editing and developing a precise genetic manipulation system that can be applied on a large scale (Vijayakumar et al., 2023). These studies will provide theoretical basis and methodological support for overcoming the barriers to "laboratory-field" transformation. Figure 3 Potato growth in aeroponics system with low nitrogen (N) and high N supplies (Adopted from Tiwari et al., 2018) Image caption: A, crop view at 60 days after planting. B, root biomass with tuber growth. KJ, Kufri Jyoti; KG, Kufri Gaurav. Low N, 0.75mmol L–1 NO3 – ; high N, 7.5 mmol L–1 NO3 – (Adopted from Tiwari et al., 2018) 7.3 Long-term sustainability and global food security considerations Improving the photosynthetic efficiency of potatoes is an important scientific proposition in the fields of plant physiology and crop genetic improvement. Its research value is not only reflected in the basic theoretical level, but also closely related to the sustainable development of global agriculture and food security. Against the backdrop of sustained population growth, the traditional yield increasing model relying on variety improvement and agronomic optimization has gradually approached its biological limit (Long et al., 2015), and the efficiency improvement through photosynthetic pathways provides new theoretical basis and technical pathways for achieving yield breakthroughs. It is worth noting that innovative research in this field must take into account ecological benefit assessment, such as optimizing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), which can significantly increase tuber yield and effectively reduce the risks of soil acidification and water eutrophication caused by excessive fertilization (Wang et al., 2020; Tiwari et al., 2020). The application of genome editing technology, such as the
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