Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 337-348 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 343 optimizing the photosynthetic metabolism network (Liu et al., 2022); (3) Nanocarrier technology, such as chloroplast targeted liposomes, has achieved efficient delivery of exogenous genes and co factors. By precisely regulating the assembly of thylakoid membrane proteins, the quantum yield of photosystem II has been increased by 18% (Santana et al., 2022). These breakthrough advances provide multi-scale regulatory strategies for the rational design of photosynthetic systems. 5.2 Application in enhancing light energy capture and carbon fixation As a cutting-edge field in photosynthesis improvement, chloroplast engineering optimizes the efficiency of light energy capture and carbon fixation through multidimensional strategies. Research has shown that binding fluorescent molecules with aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties, such as TPE derivatives, specifically to thylakoid membranes can significantly broaden the range of light absorption spectra (400~700 nm) and increase the utilization efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation by 23% to 28% (Bai et al., 2020). At the level of carbon assimilation, by biomimetic construction of blue-green algae type carboxylase micro chamber structures, the concentration of CO2 around Rubisco enzyme can be increased by 5~8 times, effectively inhibiting oxygenase activity and increasing net carbon fixation rate by more than 35% (Giessen and Silver, 2017). These engineering transformations have achieved full chain optimization from light energy absorption to carbon assimilation, providing a new paradigm for breaking through the evolutionary limitations of C3 plant photosynthetic efficiency. 5.3 Challenges and future perspectives of chloroplast engineering in potato Although chloroplast engineering has made some progress in improving the photosynthetic efficiency of potatoes, it still faces several key scientific problems and technological bottlenecks: (1) Photosynthesis, as a complex metabolic network with multiple components working together, requires precise regulation of gene expression balance in key links such as photosystem complex assembly, electron transport chain reconstruction, and Calvin cycle optimization for engineering transformation. Single target modification is often difficult to achieve phenotypic breakthroughs (Vijayakumar et al., 2023); (2) The introduction of exogenous genes may disrupt the redox homeostasis of chloroplasts, induce reactive oxygen species bursts, and exacerbate photoinhibition, which requires the establishment of a more comprehensive physiological risk assessment system (Santana et al., 2022). Future research directions should focus on: (1) developing spatiotemporal specific delivery systems based on nanocarriers and viral vectors to achieve efficient and precise editing of chloroplast genomes; (2) Systematically analyze the allelic variations of photosynthetic related traits in potato germplasm resources and identify key natural variation sites that regulate light energy utilization efficiency (Sakoda et al., 2022). By integrating synthetic biology and population genetics methods, chloroplast engineering is expected to break through existing technological limitations and provide innovative solutions for increasing potato yield potential. 6 Interdisciplinary Approaches 6.1 Role of systems biology and computational modeling in understanding photosynthesis pathways Systems biology and computational modeling techniques provide an important research paradigm for analyzing and optimizing the photosynthetic metabolic network of potato. By integrating multi-omics data (transcriptome, proteome, metabolome), the rate-limiting steps and potential genetic regulation targets in the carbon assimilation pathway can be systematically identified. Mathematical model simulation based on enzyme kinetics shows that in theory, CO2 assimilation can be increased by 67% by globally regulating the gene expression network, but experimental verification shows that selective optimization of the activity combination of core enzymes such as Rubisco, FBP aldolase and SBPase can achieve a net photosynthetic rate gain of 28% (Theeuwen et al., 2022; Vijayakumar et al., 2023). Such models provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the resource allocation of photosynthesis-related enzymes by quantifying the metabolic flux allocation efficiency, thereby guiding the formulation of precise gene editing strategies. 6.2 Integration of remote sensing technologies for real-time monitoring of photosynthetic traits Remote sensing technology, as an important tool for studying photosynthetic phenotypes, provides multidimensional data support for evaluating potato photosynthetic efficiency through non-contact measurements.
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