Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 277-288 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 282 collaborations not only drive technological innovation but also ensure that biofuel production processes are economically viable and environmentally friendly. Figure 2 Objective of the BioRen process (Adopted from Kowalski et al., 2022) 7 Environmental and Societal Benefits 7.1 Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Second-generation biofuels, derived from agricultural waste and non-food parts, have shown significant potential in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Unlike first-generation biofuels, which often involve land-use changes that can negate their carbon savings, second-generation biofuels utilize waste biomass, thereby avoiding the carbon debt associated with land conversion (Fargione et al., 2008; Searchinger et al., 2008). Studies indicate that second-generation biofuels can mitigate GHG emissions by up to 50% compared to fossil fuels, provided there is no land-use change involved (Jeswani et al., 2020; Srivastava et al., 2020). This reduction is crucial for meeting international climate targets and reducing the overall carbon footprint of the transportation sector (Whittaker et al., 2011; Callegari et al., 2020).
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