Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 301-313 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 310 infrastructure, such as hydrogen refueling stations and pipelines, are necessary to facilitate the widespread use of biohydrogen in various sectors, including transportation, industry, and power generation (Jiménez-Llanos et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2021). Furthermore, public awareness and acceptance of biohydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy source are essential for its market success. Educational campaigns and demonstrations of biohydrogen technologies can help build consumer confidence and drive demand for biohydrogen-powered products and services (Al-saari et al., 2019). 10 Concluding Remarks The research on biohydrogen production using marine algae has demonstrated significant advancements in optimizing conditions to enhance efficiency. Various studies have highlighted the importance of pretreatment methods to improve the hydrolytic process during dark fermentation. For instance, thermal pretreatment of Laminaria japonica at 170 ℃ for 20 minutes maximized hydrogen yield to 109.6 mL H2/g COD (added). Similarly, batch dilute-acid hydrolysis of Gelidium amansii optimized at 161 ℃~164 ℃, 12.7-14.1% S/L ratio, and0.50%H2SO4 resulted in a maximum hydrogen production of 37.0 mL H2/g dry biomass. Moreover, the combination of microwave and hydrogen peroxide pretreatment under alkaline conditions significantly improved COD solubilization and hydrogen yield, achieving 87.5 mL H2/g COD. The use of marine bacterium Vibrio tritonius under saline conditions also showed promising results, with optimal hydrogen production at 10 g/L NaCl. These findings underscore the critical role of pretreatment and optimization of environmental conditions in enhancing biohydrogen production efficiency from marine algae. Marine algae hold immense potential for the future of sustainable hydrogen production due to their high biomass yield, rapid growth rates, and ability to capture CO2 efficiently. Unlike terrestrial biomass, marine algae require less energy and water for cultivation and have negligible lignin content, making them a superior feedstock for biohydrogen production. The ability of green algae to produce hydrogen under both light anoxic and dark anoxic conditions further enhances their viability as a renewable energy source. The integration of marine algae into biohydrogen production systems aligns with the principles of a circular bioeconomy, promoting the use of renewable resources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Advances in genetic and metabolic engineering are expected to overcome current limitations, such as the rigid nature of algal cell walls and the cost-effectiveness of production processes. As research continues to optimize pretreatment methods and fermentation conditions, marine algae are poised to play a crucial role in the transition to a sustainable and clean energy future. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my lab members Jecay Feng for the assistance in experimental design and data analysis. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Adeniyi O., Azimov U., and Burluka A., 2018, Algae biofuel: current status and future applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90: 316-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.03.067 Ahmed S., Rafa N., Mofijur M., Badruddin I., Inayat A., Ali M., Farrok O., and Khan T., 2021, Biohydrogen production from biomass sources: metabolic pathways and economic analysis, Front. Energy Res., 9: 753878. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.753878 Aitken D., Bulboa C., Godoy-Faúndez A., Turrion-Gomez J., and Antízar-Ladislao B., 2014, Life cycle assessment of macroalgae cultivation and processing for biofuel production, Journal of Cleaner Production, 75: 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2014.03.080
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