Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 289-300 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 295 Additionally, the energy conversion characteristics and environmental impacts of biohythane production via two-stage anaerobic fermentation from microalgae and food waste have been evaluated, showing a net energy input to output ratio of 0.24, indicating a favorable energy balance (Sun et al., 2019). 7.2 Cost analysis of biodiesel production from kitchen waste The economic feasibility of biodiesel production from kitchen waste has been explored through various studies. For instance, the use of microalgae in biodiesel production has shown that while the process is technically feasible, the high costs associated with cultivation, harvesting, and extraction remain significant barriers (Anto et al., 2020; Branco-Vieira et al., 2020; Li and Zhou, 2024). The production cost for microalgae biomass is estimated at 2.01 €/kg, and for biodiesel, it is 0.33 €/L, with a return on investment (ROI) of 10% and a payback time of 10 years (Branco-Vieira et al., 2020). Despite these costs, the use of kitchen waste as a substrate for biodiesel production can potentially reduce overall expenses and improve economic viability (Hou et al., 2016). 7.3 Potential for commercial scalability The potential for commercial scalability of biohydrogen production from marine algae is promising but faces several challenges. The large-scale production of algal biomass for biofuel applications is not yet widespread due to the complexities in balancing ecological and economic concerns (Dębowski et al., 2020). However, advancements in photobioreactor technologies and the integration of microalgae-based H2 production processes offer potential routes for commercialization (Goswami et al., 2020). The scalability of these systems depends on overcoming the high production costs and improving the efficiency of biomass conversion processes (Dębowski et al., 2020; Goswami et al., 2020). 7.4 Comparison with other biodiesel feedstocks When comparing marine algae to other biodiesel feedstocks, several factors come into play. Algae are considered a third-generation biofuel feedstock with high productivity and lipid yields, making them attractive for biodiesel production (Williams and Laurens, 2010). However, the cost of producing biodiesel from algae remains higher compared to traditional feedstocks like plant oils and fish waste (Anto et al., 2020; Prasanna et al., 2023). Fish waste, for example, is a significant source of biodiesel and offers a cost-effective alternative due to its abundance and the environmental benefits of waste management (Prasanna et al., 2023). Additionally, the biochemical composition of algal biomass influences the economics of biodiesel production, with higher lipid content reducing the availability of other valuable compounds (Williams and Laurens, 2010). 8 Environmental and Societal Benefits 8.1 Reduction in kitchen waste volume through microbial conversion The utilization of kitchen waste for biohydrogen production through microbial conversion presents a significant opportunity for waste reduction. Studies have demonstrated that specific algae species, such as Golenkinia sp. SDEC-16, can effectively treat kitchen waste anaerobically digested effluent (KWADE), leading to substantial reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) levels. This process not only mitigates the volume of kitchen waste but also enhances the efficiency of bioelectricity and lipid production, thereby contributing to a more sustainable waste management system (Hou et al., 2016). 8.2 Carbon footprint and lifecycle analysis of biodiesel from waste The production of biodiesel from biological waste, including fish waste, offers a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels. The lifecycle analysis of biodiesel derived from fish waste indicates a lower carbon footprint compared to conventional diesel. This is primarily due to the utilization of waste materials that would otherwise contribute to environmental pollution. The conversion of fish waste into biodiesel not only addresses waste disposal issues but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, making it a more environmentally friendly option (Prasanna et al., 2023). Additionally, biohydrogen production from green algae and cyanobacteria has been identified as a clean energy source, further reducing the carbon footprint associated with hydrogen production from fossil fuels (Mona et al., 2020).
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