Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 267-276 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 274 reducing the need for freshwater resources and making the process more sustainable. The ability to metabolically engineer bacteria to degrade complex polysaccharides from marine biomass into fermentable sugars opens new avenues for efficient bioethanol production. Furthermore, the development of robust marine yeast strains capable of high ethanol yields from seaweed hydrolysates suggests that marine biomass could meet industrial bioethanol production thresholds, potentially reducing reliance on land-based biomass and mitigating food vs. fuel conflicts. The future of bioethanol production using marine microorganisms and biomass is promising but not without challenges. Key areas for future research include optimizing the metabolic pathways of marine microorganisms to enhance ethanol yields, improving the efficiency of saccharification processes, and developing cost-effective and scalable fermentation technologies. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for the commercial viability of marine-based bioethanol production. Continued interdisciplinary research and collaboration will be essential to unlock the full potential of marine resources in the biofuel industry, contributing to a more sustainable and carbon-neutral future. Acknowledgments I appreciate the feedback from two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study, whose careful evaluation and constructive suggestions have contributed to the improvement of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Adegboye M., Ojuederie O., Talia P., and Babalola O., 2021, Bioprospecting of microbial strains for biofuel production: metabolic engineering, applications, and challenges. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 14: 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-020-01853-2 Borines M., Leon R., and Cuello J., 2013, Bioethanol production from the macroalgae Sargassum spp, Bioresource technology, 138: 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.108 Catalanotti C., Dubini A., Subramanian V., Yang W., Magneschi L., Mus F., Seibert M., Posewitz M., and Grossman A., 2012, Altered fermentative metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants lacking pyruvate formate lyase and both pyruvate formate lyase and alcohol dehydrogenase, Plant Cell, 24: 692-707. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.111.093146 Dave N., Selvaraj R., Varadavenkatesan T., and Vinayagam R., 2019, A critical review on production of bioethanol from macroalgal biomass, Algal Research, 42: 101606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.10160 Dave N., Varadavenkatesan T., Selvaraj R., and Vinayagam R., 2021, Modelling of fermentative bioethanol production from indigenous Ulva prolifera biomass by Saccharomyces cerevisiae NFCCI1248 using an integrated ANN-GA approach, The Science of the Total Environment, 791: 148429. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2021.148429 Dexter J., and Fu P., 2009, Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria for ethanol production, Energy and Environmental Science, 2: 857-864. https://doi.org/10.1039/B811937F Greetham D., Zaky A., Makanjuola O., and Du C., 2018, A brief review on bioethanol production using marine biomass, marine microorganism and seawater, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 14: 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COGSC.2018.06.008 Gustavsson M., and Lee S., 2016, Prospects of microbial cell factories developed through systems metabolic engineering, Microbial Biotechnology, 9: 610-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12385 Harun R., and Danquah M., 2011, Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production, Chemical Engineering Journal, 168: 1079-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2011.01.088 Hollinshead W., He L., and Tang Y., 2014, Biofuel production: an odyssey from metabolic engineering to fermentation scale-up, Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00344 John R., Anisha G., Nampoothiri K., and Pandey A., 2011, Micro and macroalgal biomass: a renewable source for bioethanol, Bioresource Technology, 102(1): 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.139 Kim K., Choi I., Kim H., Wi S., and Bae H., 2014, Bioethanol production from the nutrient stress-induced microalga Chlorella vulgaris by enzymatic hydrolysis and immobilized yeast fermentation, Bioresource Technology, 153: 47-54.
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