Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 267-276 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 272 Figure 1 Comparison of E. coli’s anaerobic phenotype in bioreactors and microplates (Adopted from Raj et al., 2021) Image caption: A schematic showing typical fermentation pathways in E. coli. Typical products of mixed acid fermentation on glucose are shown in the pathway along with key fermentation reactions shown in italics. The metabolites measured in this study are shown in blue. b Microbial phenotypes reduced to two components through t-distributed stochastic neighbors embedding (t-SNE) performed on the metabolite (acetate, formate, lactate, pyruvate, and succinate) yields and growth rates of E. coli strains grown in rich defined media in a bioreactor and microplates with different initial concentrations of substrate (glucose). Cluster boundaries were drawn manually for illustrative purposes. c A comparison of WildType E. coli’s growth rate and metabolite yields on glucose obtained from a bench-top 0.5 L bioreactor and 96-well microplates with different initial concentrations of substrate (glucose) (Adopted from Raj et al., 2021) Figure 2 The process of harvesting biomass of Naviculasp. strain TAD (Adopted from Telussa et al., 2023) Image caption: (a) Culture on the 7th day, (b) Filtration process, (c) Base biomass, and (d) Dry biomass (Adopted from Telussa et al., 2023) 6.3 Lessons learned Key takeaways from these case studies include the importance of selecting microorganisms with high tolerance to inhibitors and the ability to thrive in seawater-based media. For example, Wickerhamomyces anomalus M15 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae AZ65 both demonstrated high osmotic tolerance, which is crucial for efficient bioethanol production in marine environments (Zaky et al., 2020; Turner et al., 2022). The enzymatic pathway elucidated by Formosa agariphila provides valuable insights into the biochemical processes required for converting complex algal polysaccharides into fermentable sugars (Reisky et al., 2019). The success of fungal pretreatment methods underscores the potential of integrating pretreatment and nutrient supplementation strategies
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