Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 267-276 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 268 types to enhance bioethanol yields and reduce production costs. By achieving these objectives, this study aims to contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable bioethanol production processes using marine microorganisms. 2 Marine Microorganisms in Bioethanol Production 2.1 Overview of marine microorganisms Marine microorganisms, including various species of algae, bacteria, and yeasts, have shown significant potential in bioethanol production. Notable examples include marine yeasts like Wickerhamomyces anomalus and bacteria such as Sphingomonas sp. A1. Additionally, microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris and Navicula sp. are also utilized due to their high carbohydrate content, which can be converted into fermentable sugars (Takeda et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2014; Greetham et al., 2018; Turner et al., 2022; Telussa et al., 2023). 2.2 Advantages of marine microorganisms Marine microorganisms offer several advantages for bioethanol production: High Tolerance to Saline Environments: Marine yeasts and bacteria can thrive in high-salinity conditions, making them suitable for fermentation processes using seawater, which reduces the need for freshwater resources (Greetham et al., 2018; Turner et al., 2022). Unique Enzymes and Metabolic Capabilities: These microorganisms possess unique enzymes that can degrade complex marine biomass components, such as alginate from brown algae, into fermentable sugars (Takeda et al., 2011; Reisky et al., 2019). Adaptability and Stress Tolerance: Marine microorganisms like Wickerhamomyces anomalus exhibit high tolerance to various stress factors, including high glucose, xylose, and ethanol concentrations, enhancing their efficiency in bioethanol production (Turner et al., 2022). 2.3 Current research and findings Recent studies have explored the potential of marine microorganisms in bioethanol production with promising results: Marine Yeasts: Wickerhamomyces anomalus M15 has been characterized for its high tolerance to inhibitors and its ability to produce significant ethanol concentrations from seaweed-derived media. Adaptive strains like W. anomalus M15-500A have shown even higher ethanol yields, indicating their industrial potential (Turner et al., 2022). Metabolically Engineered Bacteria: Sphingomonas sp. A1 has been genetically modified to efficiently convert alginate, a major component of brown algae, into ethanol. This engineered strain accumulated 13.0 g/L of ethanol in 3 days using alginate as the sole carbon source (Takeda et al., 2011). Microalgae: Studies on microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris and Navicula sp. have demonstrated their potential as bioethanol feedstocks. For instance, nutrient stress-induced C. vulgaris showed enhanced carbohydrate content, leading to high saccharification and ethanol yields (Kim et al., 2014; Telussa et al., 2023). Enzymatic Pathways: Research on the marine bacterium Formosa agariphila has elucidated the enzymatic pathways involved in degrading ulvan, a polysaccharide from green algae, into fermentable sugars. This knowledge can be applied to optimize the fermentation process for bioethanol production (Reisky et al., 2019). These findings highlight the potential of marine microorganisms in creating a sustainable and efficient bioethanol production process, leveraging their unique properties and metabolic capabilities.
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