Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 243-254 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 252 into biodiesel, offering high yields and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, the use of palm oil by-products and mill effluent has been extensively studied, providing a sustainable approach to biodiesel production and addressing the food versus fuel debate. The environmental benefits of palm biodiesel, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions and lower pollutant levels, further underscore its potential as a renewable energy source. For policymakers, it is crucial to support research and development in biodiesel production technologies, particularly those that enhance the efficiency and sustainability of using palm oil and its by-products. Incentives for adopting advanced transesterification methods and integrating biorefineries can significantly improve production yields and reduce costs. For industry stakeholders, investing in innovative extraction and conversion technologies, such as supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification, can optimize the production process and make it more environmentally friendly. Additionally, collaboration with agricultural sectors to ensure sustainable palm oil cultivation practices will be essential to maintain the balance between food supply and biofuel production. The future of palm oil in biodiesel production appears promising, given its high yield, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits. However, the industry must address challenges such as the environmental impact of palm oil cultivation and the need for sustainable practices. Advancements in technology and supportive policies will play a pivotal role in overcoming these challenges and ensuring that palm biodiesel can contribute significantly to the global renewable energy landscape. Continued research and innovation will be key to optimizing production processes and making palm biodiesel a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Acknowledgments We appreciate the feedback from two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study, whose careful evaluation and constructive suggestions have contributed to the improvement of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abukhadra M., Basyouny M., El-Sherbeeny A., El-Meligy M., and Luqman M., 2021, Insights into the green doping of clinoptilolite with Na+ ions (Na+/Clino) as a nanocatalyst in the conversion of palm oil into biodiesel; optimization and mechanism, Nanotechnology, 32(15): 155702. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abd7b0 Abukhadra M., Salam M., and Ibrahim S., 2019, Insight into the catalytic conversion of palm oil into biodiesel using Na+/K+ trapped muscovite/phillipsite composite as a novel catalyst: Effect of ultrasonic irradiation and mechanism, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 115: 109346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109346 Ahmad F., Zhang Z., Doherty W., and O’Hara I., 2019, The outlook of the production of advanced fuels and chemicals from integrated oil palm biomass biorefinery, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 109: 386-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2019.04.009 Ambaye T., Vaccari M., Bonilla-Petriciolet A., Prasad S., Hullebusch E., and Rtimi S., 2021, Emerging technologies for biofuel production: a critical review on recent progress, challenges and perspectives, Journal of Environmental Management, 290: 112627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112627 Anyaoha K., Sakrabani R., Patchigolla K., and Mouazen A., 2018, Evaluating oil palm fresh fruit bunch processing in Nigeria, Waste Management & Research, 36: 236-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X17751848 Bhatia S., Gurav R., Choi T., Kim H., Yang S., Song H., Park J., Park Y., Han Y., Choi Y., Kim S., Yoon J., and Yang Y., 2020, Conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using heterogenous catalyst derived from cork biochar, Bioresource Technology, 302: 122872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122872 Callegari A., Bolognesi S., Cecconet D., and Capodaglio A., 2020, Production technologies, current role, and future prospects of biofuels feedstocks: a state-of-the-art review, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50: 384-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1629801 Cardoso C., Zavarize D., and Vieira G., 2019, Transesterification of pequi (Caryocar brasiliensis Camb.) bio-oil via heterogeneous acid catalysis: catalyst preparation, process optimization and kinetics, Industrial Crops and Products, 139: 111485. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2019.111485
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzMg==