Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 233-242 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 237 significant improvements in bioelectrochemical activity, electrode stability, and power density (Tahir et al., 2022). Additionally, modifying Ti3C2MXene with ammonium ions to enhance surface properties has resulted in higher specific surface area, hydrophilicity, and electropositivity, thereby increasing current density and reducing charge transfer resistance (Yang et al., 2021). 5.2 Enhancing biocompatibility 5.2.1 Incorporation of bioactive compounds Incorporating bioactive compounds into electrode materials can enhance biocompatibility and promote microbial adhesion. For instance, the use of bioactive nanomaterials such as carbon and metal-based nanoparticles can facilitate the growth of thick microbial biofilms, improving electron transfer between the electrodes and the biofilm (Mashkour et al., 2021). This approach not only enhances power generation but also supports the sustainable production of electricity from wastewater (Nosek et al., 2020). 5.2.2 Use of biocompatible coatings Applying biocompatible coatings to electrodes is another strategy to improve microbial adhesion and activity. For example, the use of polypyrrole (PPy) coatings embedded with carbon nanoparticles has been shown to significantly improve biocompatibility and functional group contents, which are beneficial for bacterial adhesion on electrodes (Wu et al., 2020). This modification leads to enhanced electron transfer and overall MFC performance. 5.3 Increasing electrical conductivity 5.3.1 Integration of conductive nanomaterials Integrating conductive nanomaterials into electrode structures can greatly enhance electrical conductivity. The use of N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) on carbon felt, for instance, has been shown to improve specific areal capacitance and reduce charge transfer resistance, resulting in higher power density and COD removal efficiency (Wang et al., 2022). Similarly, the incorporation of conductive polymers like polyaniline (PANI) with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has demonstrated significant improvements in power density and current density (Kaur et al., 2021). 5.3.2 Optimization of material composition Optimizing the composition of electrode materials is crucial for maximizing electrical conductivity. For example, modifying carbon-based electrodes with various metallic nanomaterials and polymers has been shown to provide more electrochemically active sites and improve microbial adhesion, leading to enhanced power output (Nosek et al., 2020). Additionally, the use of hybrid materials such as FeCo/NCNTs@CF has been shown to facilitate the enrichment growth of exoelectrogens and promote extracellular electron transfer (EET) (Wang et al., 2022). By employing these strategies, the performance of MFC electrodes can be significantly improved, leading to higher power generation and more efficient wastewater treatment. 6 Case Study: Enhanced MFC Performance Using Modified Electrode Materials 6.1 Description of the experimental setup The experimental setup for this study involved the use of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) equipped with various modified electrode materials to evaluate their performance in electricity production and wastewater treatment. The MFCs typically consisted of two chambers separated by a cation exchange membrane, with the anode and cathode placed in the respective chambers. The anode materials were modified using different nanomaterials and composites to enhance microbial attachment and extracellular electron transfer (EET) rates. 6.2 Materials and methods used Several innovative materials and methods were employed to modify the electrodes in the MFCs. For instance, N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) were grown on carbon felt (CF) to create a hierarchical Co8FeS8-FeCo2O4/NCNTs core-shell nanostructure (FeCo/NCNTs@CF) (Wang et al., 2022). Another study utilized covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to modify the carbon felt surface, resulting in the TpPa-1@CF
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