Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 160-170 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 164 4.2.3 Agroforestry Agroforestry integrates trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes, providing multiple benefits such as improved soil structure, enhanced biodiversity, and increased carbon sequestration. This practice can also contribute to energy efficiency by reducing the need for external inputs and enhancing the resilience of farming systems to climate change (Shah and Wu, 2019). 4.3 Renewable energy integration 4.3.1 Solar and Wind Energy Integrating renewable energy sources like solar and wind into agricultural operations can significantly reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Solar panels and wind turbines can be used to power irrigation systems, machinery, and other farm operations, promoting a more sustainable and energy-efficient agricultural system (Abbas et al., 2022; Maraveas, 2022). 4.3.2 Bioenergy from agricultural residues Bioenergy production from agricultural residues, such as crop waste and animal manure, offers a sustainable way to manage waste and generate renewable energy. This approach can help balance energy inputs and outputs by converting organic waste into biogas or biofuels, which can be used to power farm operations or sold as an additional income source (Abbas et al., 2022) (Figure 2). Figure 2 Energy Shares, GHG Emissions, and Efficiency Scores in Cotton Production across Selected Districts (Adapted from Abbas et al., 2022) Note: (A): Breakdown of direct and indirect, renewable, and nonrenewable energy consumption in cotton production; (B): Contributions of various inputs to total GHG emissions (kg CO2eq ha-1) in cotton production; (C): Efficiency scores for cotton production in different districts, using an input-oriented CCR model; (D): Potential resource savings in each district based on technical efficiency (Adapted from Abbas et al., 2022)
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