Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 118-131 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 124 efficiency (Zhang et al., 2019; Rawoof et al., 2020). The strategic use of these additives can lead to higher biomethane yields and more stable digestion processes (Salman et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019; Rawoof et al., 2020). 5.4 Innovations in digester design and operation 5.4.1 Advanced digester configurations Innovative digester configurations, such as two-stage anaerobic digestion systems, have been developed to enhance biomethane production. Two-stage systems separate the hydrolysis and acidogenesis phases from the methanogenesis phase, allowing for better control of each stage and improved overall efficiency. For example, a two-stage co-digestion system using pretreated organic wastes and animal manure resulted in significantly higher methane production compared to single-stage systems (Noor et al., 2021). Advanced configurations can also include integrated processes that combine anaerobic digestion with other technologies, such as pyrolysis, to further enhance biomethane yields (Salman et al., 2017). 5.4.2 Improved mixing and gas collection systems Effective mixing and gas collection systems are essential for optimizing anaerobic digestion. Improved mixing ensures uniform distribution of substrates and microorganisms, enhancing the breakdown of organic materials and preventing the formation of inhibitory zones. Advanced gas collection systems can efficiently capture and store the produced biogas, reducing losses and increasing the overall yield. Studies have shown that proper mixing and efficient gas collection can significantly improve the performance of anaerobic digesters (Verbeeck et al., 2018; Rawoof et al., 2020). Innovations in these areas contribute to more efficient and reliable biomethane production processes (Verbeeck et al., 2018; Rawoof et al., 2020). By implementing these optimization strategies, the efficiency of converting agricultural waste into biomethane using anaerobic digestion technology can be significantly enhanced, leading to higher energy yields and more sustainable waste management practices. 6 Advances in Anaerobic Digestion Technology 6.1 Integration with other renewable energy technologies The integration of anaerobic digestion (AD) with other renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind, has shown significant potential in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of biomethane production. By combining AD with solar energy, for instance, the heat generated from solar panels can be used to maintain the optimal temperature for the digestion process, thereby improving the overall efficiency of biogas production. Similarly, wind energy can be harnessed to power the mechanical components of AD systems, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lowering operational costs (Labatut and Pronto, 2018; Verbeeck et al., 2018; Neri et al., 2023). 6.2 Development of hybrid systems Hybrid systems that combine anaerobic digestion with other processes, such as pyrolysis, have been developed to maximize the conversion of agricultural waste into biomethane. One notable approach involves coupling AD with the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic or green waste. The biochar produced from pyrolysis can be added to the digester to enhance microbial activity and increase biomethane yield. Additionally, the bio-oil and syngas generated from pyrolysis can be reformed into syngas and subsequently converted to biomethane via methanation. This integrated process has demonstrated a significant increase in biomethane production and overall system efficiency compared to standalone AD systems (Sheets et al., 2015; Salman et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019). 6.3 Application of real-time monitoring and control systems The application of real-time monitoring and control systems in anaerobic digestion technology has revolutionized the management and optimization of the digestion process. Advanced sensors and control algorithms enable continuous monitoring of critical parameters such as pH, temperature, and biogas composition. This real-time data allows for immediate adjustments to be made, ensuring optimal conditions for microbial activity and maximizing biogas production. The implementation of these systems has been shown to prevent process upsets, enhance stability, and improve the overall efficiency of AD plants (Fan et al., 2018; Labatut and Pronto, 2018; Abraham et al., 2020).
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