Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 118-131 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 120 Variability in Composition: Agricultural waste composition can vary significantly depending on the type of crop, animal diet, and seasonal factors, leading to inconsistent biogas yields (Meng et al., 2015; Bong et al., 2018). High Lignocellulosic Content: Many agricultural residues, such as straw and stalks, have high lignocellulosic content, which is resistant to microbial degradation. Effective pretreatment methods are required to enhance their digestibility (Salman et al., 2017; Xiao et al., 2021). Inhibitory Compounds: Certain agricultural wastes may contain inhibitory compounds, such as phenols or high levels of ammonia, which can negatively impact the anaerobic digestion process. Managing these inhibitors is crucial for maintaining process stability (Muscolo et al., 2017; Neri et al., 2023). Logistics and Collection: The decentralized nature of agricultural waste production poses logistical challenges in terms of collection, transportation, and storage, which can affect the overall feasibility and cost-effectiveness of biomethane production (Verbeeck et al., 2018; Pan et al., 2021). By addressing these challenges through optimized feedstock management, pretreatment technologies, and process control, the efficiency of converting agricultural waste into biomethane can be significantly enhanced, contributing to sustainable energy production and waste management. 3 Anaerobic Digestion Technology 3.1 Basic principles and process of anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological process that converts organic waste into biogas, primarily composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), through the action of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This technology is gaining attention due to its dual benefits of waste management and renewable energy production (Li et al., 2019). The process involves the breakdown of complex organic materials into simpler compounds, which are then converted into biogas through a series of biochemical reactions facilitated by different microbial communities (Figure 1) (Mlaik et al., 2019; Neri et al., 2023). Figure 1 Flow chart of anaerobic digestion (Adopted from Neri et al., 2023)
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