Journal of Energy Bioscience 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 60-71 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/jeb 62 In summary, the theoretical basis of ethanol production from sugarcane encompasses the chemical composition of sugarcane, the biochemical pathways for ethanol production, the conversion technologies involved, and the biotechnological advances that enhance ethanol yield. These factors collectively contribute to the commercial potential and sustainability of sugarcane as a feedstock for ethanol fuel production. 3 Agronomic Aspects of Sugarcane Cultivation 3.1 Ideal agronomic conditions for sugarcane growth Sugarcane thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, requiring specific agronomic conditions to maximize yield and quality. Optimal growth conditions include well-drained, fertile soils with a pH range of 5 to 8, and an annual rainfall of 1 500 to 2 500 mm, ideally distributed throughout the growing season. Temperature plays a crucial role, with the ideal range being 20 ℃ to 30 ℃. Adequate sunlight and a frost-free environment are also essential for optimal photosynthesis and growth (Talukdar et al., 2017; Coelho and Goldemberg, 2019). 3.2 Advances in sugarcane breeding for biofuel production Recent advancements in sugarcane breeding have focused on enhancing traits that are beneficial for biofuel production. These include increasing biomass yield, improving sugar content, and enhancing resistance to pests and diseases. Genetic improvement efforts are leveraging modern biotechnological tools to understand and manipulate the complex sugarcane genome. This has led to the development of varieties with better biomass degradability, which is crucial for efficient conversion to biofuels. The large phenotypic variation in Saccharum germplasm and the application of genomics technologies have been pivotal in identifying key biofuel traits and establishing targets for genetic manipulation (Hoang et al., 2015; Jaiswal et al., 2017). 3.3 Sustainable practices in sugarcane cultivation Sustainability in sugarcane cultivation involves practices that minimize environmental impact while maintaining economic viability. Mechanized harvesting of green cane, which eliminates the need for pre-harvest burning, has been widely adopted to reduce air pollution and improve soil health. Additionally, the use of agricultural residues such as bagasse and cane trash for bioelectricity and second-generation ethanol production contributes to a circular economy. Integrated pest management, efficient water use, and soil conservation techniques are also critical components of sustainable sugarcane farming (Goldemberg et al., 2008; Pereira and Ortega, 2010; Walter et al., 2014). 3.4 Impact of climate change on sugarcane yield and quality Climate change poses significant challenges to sugarcane cultivation, affecting both yield and quality. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can lead to water stress, increased pest and disease incidence, and altered growth cycles. However, sugarcane's resilience and adaptability to varying climatic conditions make it a viable crop under changing environmental scenarios. Research indicates that with appropriate agronomic practices and continued genetic improvement, sugarcane can maintain its productivity and quality even under projected climate change conditions. The potential for sugarcane ethanol to offset CO2 emissions further underscores its role in mitigating climate change impacts (Coelho et al., 2006; Jaiswal et al., 2017; Malik et al., 2019). By integrating these agronomic aspects, sugarcane cultivation can be optimized for both economic and environmental sustainability, ensuring its continued viability as a major feedstock for ethanol fuel production. 4 Commercial Potential and Economic Viability 4.1 Global and regional market trends for ethanol fuel The global market for ethanol fuel has seen significant growth, driven by the need for renewable energy sources and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Brazil, a leading producer of sugarcane ethanol, has demonstrated the potential for ethanol to displace a substantial portion of crude oil consumption. By 2045, Brazilian sugarcane ethanol could replace up to 13% of global crude oil consumption, balancing forest conservation and future land demand for food (Jaiswal et al., 2017). The success of Brazil's ethanol program has spurred interest in other
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